Well Testing
Well Testing
Well Testing
TESTING
INTRODUCTION
Tests on oil and gas wells are performed at various stages of
drilling, completion and production.
The test objectives at each stage range from simple
identification of produced fluids and determination of reservoir
deliverability to the characterization of complex reservoir
features.
Most well tests can be grouped either as productivity testing or
Pressure transient test.
INTRODUCTION
Productivity well tests are conducted to:
Identify produced fluids and determine their respective
volume ratios.
Measure reservoir pressure and temperature.
Obtain samples suitable for PVT analysis.
Determine well deliverability.
Evaluate completion efficiency.
Characterize well damage.
Evaluate work over or stimulation treatment.
Pressure transient test seek to:
Evaluate reservoir parameters.
Characterize reservoir heterogeneities.
Assess reservoir extent and geometry.
Determine reservoir rock properties.
Determine reservoir fluids properties.
DELIVERABILITY TESTS
Deliverability tests are flow tests designed to measure the
production capabilities of a well under specific reservoir
conditions.
Although these tests are used primarily for gas wells,
deliverability testing also is applicable to oil wells.
A common productivity indicator obtained from these tests is
the absolute open-flow AOF potential.
The AOF is the maximum rate at which a well could flow
against a theoretical atmospheric backpressure at the sand face.
Another and possibly more important application of
deliverability testing is to generate a reservoir inflow
performance relationship IPR or gas backpressure curve.
The IPR curve describes the relationship between surface
production rate and BHFP for a specific value of reservoir
pressure.
It can be subdivided further more into:
Single point test.
Flow after flow test.
Isochronal test.
Modified isochronal test.
DELIVERABILITY TESTS
Flow after flow test:
sometimes called gas backpressure
=
WELL TEST EQUATIONS
There are several ways for well test called flow after flow test or
isochronal test.
Flow-After- Flow Test:
A flow-after-flow starts from a shut in condition. The well is
opened at a particular choke size and is not distributed until the
flow rate and well bore flowing pressure stabilize.
This may require a considerable amount of time, depending on
reservoir permeability.
A well is usually considered to be stabilized if the pressure does
not change over 15 minute intervals.
Once stabilization reached the standard flow rate and well bore
flowing pressure are measured, the rate is changed, and
procedure repeated for several flow rates, usually four.
WELL TEST EQUATIONS
Flow-After-Flow tests
WELL TEST EQUATIONS
Isochronal Test:
The isochronal test, or equal time, test is based on the theory that
at equal flow times the same volume of the reservoir is affected
regardless of flow rate.
The isochronal test was proposed as a means of determining
deliverability in tight wells that requires along period to reached
stabilization.
At least one stabilized point is still required to evaluate the
coefficient C.
WELL TEST EQUATIONS
The procedure for conducting isochronal test is:
1. Starting at a shut in condition, open the well at a particular
choke size for a period of time. Measure the standard flow rate
and well bore flowing pressure at specific times for this choke
size.
2. Shut the well in until the well returns to average reservoir
pressure.
3. Open the well on a larger choke size and measure the standard
flow rate and the flowing well bore pressure at the time interval
as in step 1
4. Shut the well in until the well returns to average Reservoir
pressure.
5. Repeat for several choke sizes, usually four.
6. On the last choke size, allow the well to flow until stabilized
condition is reached.
This may require several hours or even days, but only one has to
be flowed for a long period as compared to all rates for flow after
flow testing.
WELL TEST EQUATIONS
Isochronal test
WELL TEST EQUATIONS
The test is analyzed by plotting (p
e
2
p
wf
2
)versus
on log-log
paper for each flow time at which data were measured. This will
produce one straight line for flow time; the slopes of each will be
equal. The slope allows determination of exponent n, while the
flow coefficient C can be determined by using the stabilized or
extended flow rate. By determining C, n the inflow performance
curve can be created.
WELL TEST EQUATIONS
well inflow performance
WELL TEST EQUATIONS
Pressure Transient Testing:
Methods have been presented for determining the stabilized
deliverability or inflow performance of a gas well for use in
planning equipment purchases and other field development
procedures.
Much useful reservoir information can be obtained from various
types of unsteady-state or transient gas well tests.
Information that can be obtained from transient test includes
permeability, skin factor, and turbulence coefficient and average
reservoir pressure.
The most common transient tests are drawdown tests and build
up tests. Essentially the same information can be obtained from
each.
WELL TEST EQUATIONS
Pressure Drawdown Test:
Several important reservoir parameters can be obtained by
flowing a well at constant rate and measuring flowing well bore
pressures as a function in time this called drawdown test.
Some of the reservoir parameter which may obtain from
drawdown testing are flow capacity
)+0.809)+S'
Where, S'=S+D
S=skin factor
D= turbulence coefficient.
In terms of real variable common logs the logs, the transient flow
equation becomes,
(
+ + =
'
2 ' '
' '
2 2
869 . 0 23 . 3 log log
1637
S
r C
k
t
k
q T Z
p p
w h
sc
wf i
|
, for a period
of time, shutting the well in t, and measuring the wellbore
pressures increase with shut in time t. The method was
extended to allow determination of average reservoir pressure.
The transient flow equation:
t
t t
k
q T Z
p p
h
sc
ws i
A
A +
= log
1637
' '
2 2