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Lecture 2 Modified

Chapter 2 discusses solutions to the diffusivity equation for fluid flow in porous media, focusing on various flow conditions such as transient radial flow, pseudo-steady state flow, steady-state flow, and transient linear flow. It emphasizes the importance of boundary conditions and the applicability of different solutions, including the use of the Ei function and skin factor in calculations. Additionally, the chapter introduces the concept of superposition in space and time to model multiple wells and varying production rates in reservoir systems.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
8 views49 pages

Lecture 2 Modified

Chapter 2 discusses solutions to the diffusivity equation for fluid flow in porous media, focusing on various flow conditions such as transient radial flow, pseudo-steady state flow, steady-state flow, and transient linear flow. It emphasizes the importance of boundary conditions and the applicability of different solutions, including the use of the Ei function and skin factor in calculations. Additionally, the chapter introduces the concept of superposition in space and time to model multiple wells and varying production rates in reservoir systems.

Uploaded by

Ahmed Alhaisamy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2.

Fundamentals of fluid flow in porous media cont.


Solutions to the Diffusivity Equation
• There are several solutions to the diffusivity equation
depending on the initial and boundary conditions used to
solve the equation. The presented solutions will be based on:-

• Transient radial flow, Constant-rate production from a line


source well.

• Pseudo-steady state radial flow, constant rate production


from a cylindrical-source well in a closed reservoir.

• Steady-state radial flow, constant rate production from a


cylindrical source well in a reservoir with constant pressure
outer boundaries.

• Transient linear flow. constant rate production from a


hydraulically fractured well.
Transient radial flow, Constant-rate production
from a line source well.
• Since this solution is not influenced by any boundaries it is
called an infinite acting solution.

• In the derivation we will treat the well as a line source, i.e. we


will ignore any effects due to the finite well radius.

• The infinite acting reservoir line-source solution is the most


fundamental solution in well testing.

• The wellbore is small (rw—> 0).


Transient radial flow, Constant-rate production
from a line source well.
• This well is producing from infinite sized reservoir.

• This does note describe real case situation as reservoirs


have finite extent and wells have r w.

• But….!

• The radius of the well is very small compared to that


of the reservoir.

• At early producing times the effects of the outer


boundaries of the reservoir aren’t seen yet. (infinite
acting)
Transient radial flow, Constant-rate production
from a line source well.

• The solution based on these boundary and


initial conditions is:-

• This is sometimes called the Ei function


solution.
Transient radial flow, Constant-rate production
from a line source well.

• This is an approximation of the more general


solution (cylindrical source) and is applicable
only at:-

• At times less than the lower limit and greater


than the upper limit, the equation can not be
used.
• When the argument of the Ei function (x) is greater than
0.01 and less than 10.9 we use table (1.1) to calculate the
Ei function
• When Ei function is less that 0.01, this
solution cab be simplified to:-

• and :-

• Finally, when Ei function is greater than 10.9,


Ei is assumed to be zero.
Example 1
Solution:-

• First we determine whether we have conditions that


lie in the range of applicability of the line source
solution:-

hence:-
Solution

• Which simplifies to 2.453 < t < 211,935 (hours).

• And hence our time is 3 hours, we can use the line


source solution and the reservoir is infinite acting until
times > 211,935 hrs.

• Now we find the Ei function to be:-

Thus we can use the (ln) approximation:


Solution:
Solution
• To calculate the pressure in the reservoir after 3hrs at
radius of 10ft. We must check the Ei function
approximation.

• This value is greater than 0.01, we look it up from the


table.

-Ei (-0.785)= 0.318


Solution
Solution
Skin factor
• To include skin factor in our calculation we
use the same equation we introduced
earlier adding the S factor as follows: -

𝑞𝐵 𝜇
𝑝=𝑝𝑖 + 70.6
𝑘h
Example

• A) The wellbore pressure was measured to be 1380psia after 13


hours of production. calculate the skin factor.
Solution
• A) first we determine whether we have condition that lien
the range of applicability of the line source solution.

• Which is calculated earlier to

• This implies that at 13 hours the line source solution is a


valid solution the flow equation and the reservoir is infinite
actin until a time of (211,935 hrs).
Solution
• We now calculate (x) for the Ei function at
r=rw

• The value is less that 0.01 then we can use the ln approximations follow :-
Solution

What does a positive s means?!


We note that 5hours falls in the acceptable time range for the
line-source solution, as given in the part A which means can use the
line source solution.

Now we must determine whether we can use the ln


approximation or not.
Therefore the acid treatment was
successful.
Pseudosteady-state flow, constant flow rate production from a
cylindrical-source well in a closed reservoir.

• Pseudo-steady state occurs when all the boundaries are


felt in a closed reservoir system. The condition we need
for this solutions are:-

Closed (bounded reservoir).

No-flow boundaries

Constant rate production at inner boundary (wellbore).


Pseudosteady-state flow, constant flow rate production from a
cylindrical-source well in a closed reservoir.

• But this equation is more useful if it includes a skin


factor to account for the fact that most wells are either
damaged or stimulated.

• Another form of this solution is useful for some


applications. It involves replacing original reservoir Pi
with average pressure . This replacement renders the
equation as follows: -
Steady-state flow, constant rate production from a cylindrical
source well in a reservoir with constant pressure outer boundaries.

• Steady state flow occurs during the late time region when a
constant pressure boundary exists. Constant pressure
boundaries arise when the reservoir has aquifer support, or
gas cap expansion support.

• This flow occurs when the right hand side of the diffusivity
equation is equal to 0 such that:-
Steady-state flow, constant rate production from a cylindrical
source well in a reservoir with constant pressure outer boundaries.

• Steady state flow occurs theoretically at


long times in a constant pressure outer
boundary, constant rate production. In this
solution we can see that pressure is
independent of time.
Transient linear flow, constant rate production
from a hydraulically fractured well.
• Theoretically linear flow occurs in reservoir with
long highly conductive vertical fractures. This
situation is modelled by the following equation:-
Summary of Diffusivity Equation
solutions
Summary of DE solutions
Part 2
Superposition in Space

• The solutions to the radial diffusivity equation as presented


earlier in this chapter appear to be applicable only for
describing the pressure distribution in a reservoir that was
caused by constant production from a single well.

• Since real reservoir systems usually have several wells that


are operating at varying rates, a more generalised
approach is needed to study the fluid flow behaviour during
the unsteady-state flow period.
Superposition in Space

• The term superposition simply means a summation of all


the individual parts that contribute to the total system.
Mathematically the superposition theorem states that any
sum of individual solutions to the diffusivity equation is
also a solution to that equation.

• We can use the superposition to develop the method of


images to model single or multiple boundaries. We can also
use the superposition in time to solve the variable rate
production problem.
Multiple wells
• A field usually contains several wells producing from the
same reservoir and each well have an effect on the pressure
at the other wells.

• Consider a system as in the figure. A, B and C are wells that


begin to produce at the same time from an infinite acting
reservoir at constant rates.
Multiple wells
• Point X is any point in the reservoir and is a distance r a from
well A, rb from well B, and rc from well C. Superposition states
that the pressure drop at point X is equal to the sum of the
pressure drop owing to well A, well B and well C.
Multiple wells

• If we consider each well separately, we would have the


problem of single well producing at a constant rate in an
infinite acting reservoir. The solution to this single well
problem is given as:-
Multiple wells

• So, the pressure drop at point X would be :-


Multiple wells
Multiple wells
Multiple wells
Method of Images
• From the principle of superposition we can develop the
“Method of images”.

• This method states that a fault or a single no-flow


boundary can be represented by an imaginary well,
producing at the same rate as the producing well and
situated at an equal distance on the other side of the
fault as the producing well.

• The fault is eliminated and we are left with two well


system in an infinite acting reservoir.
Example

Calculate the pressure at the


flowing well.
Solution
} pressure drop for
producing well

} pressure drop for


imaginary well
Superposition in Time

• Superposition principles is also useful when


solving for multiple time (i.e. rates) specially
for build up tests.
Example
Solution
• We must superimpose (add) two drawdowns
because of the rate change. The rate term
will be new/old rates with (q0=0) and the time
term will be the total time for which a rate
has been in effect….
q (bbl)

q1
300

q2
0
5 6 t(days)
Solution

• We must superimpose (add) two drawdowns


because of the rate change. The rate term
will be new/old rates with (q0=0) and the time
term will be the total time for which a rate
has been in effect….
• If we first calculate the term

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