Presentation

on
Osi & TCP/IP
MODEL
OBJECTIVES:
To discuss the OSI model and its layer
architecture and to show the interface
between the layers.
To briefly discuss the functions of each layer in
the OSI model.
To introduce the TCP/IP protocol.
To show the functionality of each layer in the
TCP/IP Model.
To show the functionality of each layer in the
TCP/IP Model.
Similarities and Comparison between OSI &
TCP/IP Model.
Network Model:
 A method of describing and analyzing data
communication networks by breaking the entire
set of communication process into a number of
layers.

 Each layer has a specific function.

The OSI Model:
 International standard organization (ISO)
established a committee in 1977 to develop an
architecture for systems communication.

 Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference

model is the result of this effort.

 This model allows any two different systems to

communicate regardless of their underlying
architecture.
Cntd..
 The OSI model describes how data flows from one
computer, through a network to another computer.

 The OSI model is not a protocol; it is a model for

understanding and designing a network
architecture that is flexible and robust.

 The OSI model consists of seven separate but

related layers, each of which defines a part of the
process of moving information across a network.
Seven layers of the OSI model:
Why so many layers?

 To reduce the complexity, networks are organized

as a stack of layers, one below the other.

 Each layer performs a specific task,. It provides

services to an adjacent layer.
OSI Layers:
Cntd..
 Layers 1,2, 3- physical, data link and network are
network support layers.

 Layer 4, the transport layer, links the two

subgroups.

 Layers 5,6,7- session, presentation, and

application are user support layers.
OSI Model
OSI Upper Layers
Layer Application
7
Application

Layer
6 Presentation DATA DATA

Format

When to
Layer Session start
5
Signaling
Mukesh Chinta, Asst Prof, CSE 11
 OSI Lower Layers

Layer Transport Reliabilit

4 y

Layer Network Routin

g
3

Layer
Data Link 0101
2 Data transmission
at the node interval

Layer Physical 0101

1 Physical connection
An exchange using the OSI model:
Physical Layer:
 Physical layer is the bottom(layer 1) of OSI model.

 It is responsible for the actual physical connection

between the devices.

 The physical layer is responsible for movements of

individual bits from one node to next.
The physical layer is responsible for movements of
individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

15
Functions of Physical Layer:
 Convert bits to signals
 Bit synchronization
 Manage physical connection
 Bit rate control
 Line configuration
 Physical topology
 Transmission mode
 Multiplexing
 Switching
Data Link Layer:

 The data link layer is responsible for moving

frames from one node to the next.
The data link layer is responsible for moving
frames from one hop (node) to the next.

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DLL Hop-to-Hop Delivery

19
Functions of Data Link Layer:
 Framing:- divides the data from N/W layer into frames.

 Physical Addressing:- Add a header to the frame to define

the physical address of the source and the destination
machines.

 Flow Control:- It is the traffic regulatory mechanism

implemented by Data Link layer that prevents the fast
sender from drowning the slow receiver.

 Error Control:- It provides the mechanism of error control in

which it detects and retransmits damaged or lost frames.

 Feedback:- after transmitting the frames, the system waits

for the feedback.
Network Layer:
The network layer is responsible for the
delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.
Network Layer Delivery
Functions of Network layer:
 It is responsible for the source to destination
delivery of a packets across multiple networks.

 Routing:- Provide mechanism to transmit data

over independent networks that are linked
together.

 Logical addressing:- Adds Logical addresses of

sender and Receiver.
Transport Layer:

 It is responsible for source process to destination

process delivery of entire message.
The transport layer is responsible for the delivery
of a message from one process to another.
Reliable Process-to-Process message
delivery
Cntd…
 Transport layer provides two types of services:

1) Connection Oriented Transmission: In this type of

transmission the receiving device sends an
acknowledgment back to the source after a
packet or group of packet is received.

2) Connectionless Transmission: In this type of

transmission the receiver does not acknowledge
receipt of a packet.
Functions of Transport Layer:
 Segmentation and Reassembly: Divide the
message received from Session layer into
Segments and number them to make a sequence
for reassembly at the receiving side.

 Service point addressing: Transport layer makes

sure that the message is delivered to the correct
process on destination machine.

 Error Control: Make sure that the entire message

arrives without errors else retransmit.

 Flow Control: Transport layer makes sure that the

Session Layer:

 It is responsible for beginning, maintaining &

ending the communication between two devices,
which is called session.
The session layer is responsible for dialog
control and synchronization.
Functions of Session Layer:
 Establishment, maintaining and ending a session:
 Sends SYN packet – establish request
Receives ACK & SYN- established
To end – Sender sends ACK

 Dialog Control: The session layer allows two

systems to enter into a dialog.

 Synchronization: Allows a process to add

checkpoints to a stream of data.
Presentation Layer:

 This layer is concerned with the syntax and

semantics of the information exchanged between
two systems.
Functions of Presentation Layer:

 Data Translation: Encoding and Decoding

Sender to Common format on Sending side
Common to Receiving format on Receiver side

 Data Encryption: For security and privacy purpose.

 Data Compression: Data compression reduces the

number of bits contained in the information.
Application Layer:

 Provides User interfaces and support for Services,

like e-mail, file transfer.
Functions of Application Layer:
 Network Virtual terminal: It allows a user to log on to a
remote host.

 File Transfer Access, and Management: This application

allows a user to access files in a remote host.

 Mail Services: This application provides various e-mail

services.

 Directory Services: This application provides the

distributed database sources and access for global
information about various objects and services.
End
System

Intermediate
Systems
Peer-to-Peer Communication
OSI Protocols

39
40
41
TCP/IP Reference Model

42
Meet the Protocol Family in the Internet
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Layers
 OSI Model  TCP/IP  Protocols
Hierarchy
 7th
 Application Layer

 6th
 Presentation  Application
Layer Layer
 5th
 Session Layer

 4th
 Transport
 Transport
Layer
Layer
 3rd
 Network
 Network Layer
Layer
 2nd
 Link Layer
 Link Layer
 1st
 Physical Layer

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 TCP/IP Network Architecture
process process

Application Layer
client-server model

host host
Transport Layer
operating-system/computer-architecture independent

network network

Network Layer
LAN/MAN/WAN applicable

media media
Link Layer
physical-medium independent
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
ping FTP Telnet SMTP POP3 SNMP TFTP
port
21 23 25 110 161 69
number

TCP UDP

ICMP

IPv4 IPv6
IP
address

ARP RARP PPP

Ethernet Serial line

TCP\IP Protocol Suite

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TCP/IP and OSI Model
TCP/IP Model:
 TCP/IP forms the base of present day internet.

 TCP and IP are two protocols of this model.

 This model was initially used by ARPANET.

 The TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as having four

layers:
1) Host-to-network
2) Internet
3) Transport
4) Application
Host to Network Layer:

 It is the bottom layer of TCP/IP model also known

as Network interface layer.

 The purpose of this layer is to connect the host to

the network.
Internet Layer:

 Internet layer is similar to network layer of OSI

model in functionality.

 This layer is responsible for delivering IP packets

to their destinations.

 An important protocol of this layer is IP(Internet

Protocol).
Internet Protocol(IP):
 It is an unreliable and connectionless protocol.

 IP transports data in packets called datagrams.

 IP does not keep track of the routes.

IP Datagram:
Transport Layer:
 Transport layer is similar in functionality to
transport layer of OSI model.

 Transport layer of TCP/IP model also provides

connection oriented and connectionless services.

1) Connection Oriented – TCP(Transmission Control

Protocol)
2) Connection Less – UDP(User Datagram Protocol)
1) TCP:
 Transport layer used TCP for reliable connection
oriented service.

 The various functions of TCP are:

1) Error Control
2) Flow Control
3) Sequencing
2)UDP:
 Transport layer used this protocol for unreliable
connectionless service.

 No assurance that packet reached.

 No sequencing & No error checking

 Useful in real time data transfer and quick transfer

of large data.

 It follows that delivery is more important than

accurate delivery.
Application Layer:
 This layer is the combination of Application,
Presentation and Session layer of the OSI model.

 This layer provides various services to different

user applications.
Cntd..
 Application layer includes several high-level
protocols that are used for wide variety of
applications like:

 TELNET(Terminal Network): Used for remote login.

 FTP(File Transfer Protocol): For transfer of file from

one system to another.

 HTTP(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol): For fetching web

pages on world wide web.
High Level Protocols
 IMAP4 - Internet Mail Access Protocol version 4 lets clients access an IMAP4 mail
server to download their e-mail to a local computer program. It works using TCP as
its transport protocol.
 FTP - File Transfer Protocol uses TCP as transport and allows the transfer of files
between two computer systems with login required by the requester.
 Telnet – Sometimes incorrectly called Terminal Emulation across a network, it is
used to remotely open a session on another computer acting as a server. It relies on
TCP for transport.
 SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is a TCP-transported application layer
protocol used to send electronic mail.
 HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol uses the TCP transport protocol to carry web
browsing requests to a web server, and web pages from web servers to web browsers.
 POP3 - Post Office Protocol version 3 uses TCP as a way to offer clients access to a
POP3 mail server to transfer their e-mail to a local program on their computer.
 BGP4 - Border Gateway Protocol version 4 is a routing protocol most often used
between organizations. Two routers using BGP will establish a TCP connection to
send each other their BGP routing tables. In that exchange is information about
reachable networks including the full path to all BGP-known networks.
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High Level Protocols
 DNS3 - Domain Names System provides the ability to refer to IP devices
using names instead of numerical IP addresses. It lets Domain Name Servers
resolve these names to their corresponding IP addresses.
 DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol uses UDP as its transport
protocol to dynamically and automatically assign IP addresses and other
networking configuration information to computers starting up on a given
network.
 TFTP - Trivial File Transfer Protocol is a UDP-transported protocol that
allows file transfer between two computers with no login or user required for
its limited use.
 SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol is used to manage all types of
network elements based on various data sent and received using UDP as its
transport protocol.
 RIP2 - Routing Information Protocol is an internal routing protocol used to
dynamically update router tables on internal organization networks. It uses
UDP as its transport protocol.
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Internet Layer Protocols
 ARP - Address Resolution Protocol supports the packaging of IP data into
Ethernet frames. It finds the local Ethernet (MAC) address that matches a
specific local IP address.
 ICMP4 - Internet Control Message Protocol provides diagnostics and logical
error reporting to help manage the sending of data between computers. Its
best-known function is ping.
 IGMP - Internet Group Management Protocol supports multicasting by
letting multicast routers track group memberships on each of its connected
networks.
 IPsec - Internet Protocol Security is an end-to-end security scheme for
securing Internet Protocol (IP) communications by authenticating and
encrypting each IP packet of a communication session.

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Internet Layer Protocols

 IP4 - Internet Protocol provides connectionless communication support

for all protocols’ data, except ARP, by packaging that data into an IP
datagram.
 OSPF - Open Shortest Path First is an internal routing protocol for use
inside an organization. It checks the function of its link to each of its
neighbor OSPF routers. Then, it sends the acquired routing information to
those neighbor routers.
 EIGRP - Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol is a local routing
protocol that is proprietary to Cisco. It is an advanced distance-vector
routing protocol that shares internal organizational routing information
found in three tables.

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Differences
 The application layer in TCP/IP handles the responsibilities of multiple
layers in the OSI model.
 The OSI model numbers and names its layers, whereas the TCP/IP stack only
names the layers.
 Unlike the transport layer in OSI, TCP/IP only guarantees reliable delivery
of packets when TCP is the chosen protocol.
 OSI has much more complexity in its 7 layers than TCP/IP has in its 4 layers.
 In TCP/IP, protocols are deliberately designed to have more layer flexibility
than the strict layers of the OSI model.
 TCP/IP functions are implemented, then standardized. OSI is standardized in
concept only, though some functions work.
 OSI has more limited Network Management and Network Security.

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 Similarities between OSI &
TCP/IP
 Both are based on the concept of a stack of
independent protocols.

 Functionality of layers is roughly similar.

 Up to Transport – network oriented.

 Above – User oriented

Differences between OSI & TCP/IP:
 OSI model has seven layers.
 TCP/IP has four layers.

 OSI model provides clear distinction between

services, interfaces and protocols.
 TCP/IP doesn’t provide clearly distinguish between
services, Interfaces and protocols.

 In OSI model transport layer is connection

oriented.
 In TCP/IP transport layer is both connection
oriented and connectionless.
Cntd…
 In OSI Data Link layer and Physical layer are
separate layers.
 In TCP Data Link layer and Physical layer are
combined as one in Host-to-Network layer.

 Protocols do not fit well into the OSI model.

 Protocols fit well in TC/IP model.

 Minimum size of OSI header is 5 bytes.

 In TCP/IP minimum size of the header is 20 bytes.