Chapter 2&3

C++ Basics
 C++ IDE (integrated development environment)

• The complete development cycle in C++ is:

Write the program
compile the source code
 link the program and
run it.
 Writing a Program
• To write a source code, your compiler may
have its own built-in text editor, or you may be
using a commercial text editor or word
processor that can produce text files.

• The files you create with your editor are called

source files, and for C++ they typically are
named with the extension .CPP.
 Compiling

• Your source code file can't be executed, or run,

as a program.
• To turn your source code into a program, you use
a compiler.
• After your source code is compiled, an object file
is produced. This file is often named with the
extension .OBJ.
• This is still not an executable program, however.
To turn this into an executable program, you
must run your linker.
 Linking
• C++ programs are typically created by linking
together one or more OBJ files with one or more
libraries.

• A library is a collection of linkable files .

• All C++ compilers come with a library of useful

functions (or procedures) and classes that you
can include in your program.
 Sample program
• Any meaningful program written in C++ has to
contain a number of components:
• the main function; some variable declarations; and
some executable statements.
• For example, the following is a very basic C++
program:
1: #include <iostream.h>
2:
3: int main()
4: {
5: cout << "Hello World!\n";
6: return 0;
7: }
…
• # symbol, which is a signal to the preprocessor.
• Each time you start your compiler, the
preprocessor is run.
• The preprocessor reads through your source code,
looking for lines that begin with the pound symbol
(#), and acts on those lines before the compiler
runs.
• The angle brackets(<>) around the filename tell
the preprocessor to look in all the usual places for
this file.
• The file iostream.h (Input-Output-Stream) is used
by cout, which assists with writing to the screen.
…
• Every C++ program has a main() function.
• main(), like all functions, must state what kind of
value it will return.
• The return value type for main() in HELLO.CPP is
int, which means that this function will return an
integer value.
• All functions begin with an opening brace ({) and
end with a closing brace (}).
• Everything between the opening and closing
braces is considered a part of the function.
…
• The object cout is used to print a message to the
screen.
• cout is used: type the word cout, followed by
the output redirection operator (<<).
• Whatever follows the output redirection
operator is written to the screen.

• If you want a string of characters written, be

sure to enclose them in double quotes.
…
• programs declare main() to return an int.

• This value is "returned" to the operating system

when your program completes.

• The main() function ends on line 7 with the

closing brace.
 Basic Elements
• Keywords (reserved words)
– Reserved/Key words have a unique meaning within a
C++ program.
– These symbols, the reserved words, must not be
used for any other purposes.
– All reserved words are in lower-case letters.
 The following are some of the reserved words of C++.
asm auto Bool break case catch

const_cast class Const char continue default

dynamic_cast do Double delete else enum

Explicit extern False float for friend

Goto if Inline int long mutable

Namespace new Operator private protected public

reinterpret_cast register return short signed sizeof

static_cast static struct switch template this

Throw true try typedef typeid typename

Union unsigned using virtual void volatile

wchar_t
 Literals

• Literals are constant values which can be a

number, a character of a string.

• For example the number 129.005, the character

‘A’ and the string “hello world” are all literals.

• There is no identifier that identifies them.

 Comments

• A comment is a piece of descriptive text which

explains some aspect of a program.
• Program comments are totally ignored by the
compiler and are only intended for human
readers.
• C++ provides two types of comment delimiters:
– Anything after // (until the end of the line on which it
appears) is considered a comment.
– Anything enclosed by the pair /* and */ is considered
a comment.
 Variables
• A variable is a symbolic name for a memory
location in which data can be stored and
subsequently recalled.
• Variables are used for holding data values so that
they can be utilized in various computations in a
program.
• All variables have two important attributes:
A type, which is, established when the variable is defined
(e.g., integer, float, character).
A value, which can be changed by assigning a new value to
the variable.
 Variable Declaration

• Declaring a variable means defining (creating) a

variable.
– Stating its type,
– followed by one or more spaces,
– followed by the variable name and a semicolon.

• Good variable names tell you what the variables

are for;
• using good names makes it easier to understand
the flow of your program.
• Variables must be declared before used!
…
• C++ is case-sensitive.

• In other words, uppercase and lowercase

letters are considered to be different.

• A variable named age is different from Age,

which is different from AGE.
 Creating More Than One Variable at a Time

• You can create more than one variable of the

same type in one statement by writing the type
and then the variable names, separated by
commas.
• For example:
– int myAge, myWeight; // two int variables
– long area, width, length; // three longs
 Assigning Values to Your Variables

• You assign a value to a variable by using the

assignment operator (=).
• Thus, you would assign 5 to Width by writing
– int Width;
– Width = 5;
• You can combine these steps and initialize
Width when you define it by writing
– int Width = 5;
– int width = 5, length = 7;
 Basic Data Types

• When you define a variable in C++, you must tell

the compiler what kind of variable it is: an
integer, a character, and so forth.
• This information tells the compiler how much
room to set aside and what kind of value you want
to store in your variable.
 C++ data types and their ranges
Type Size Values

unsigned short int 2 bytes 0 to 65,535

short int(signed short int) 2 bytes -32,768 to 32,767

unsigned long int 4 bytes 0 to 4,294,967,295

long int(signed long int) 4 bytes -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

int 2 bytes -32,768 to 32,767

unsigned int 2 bytes 0 to 65,535

signed int 2 bytes -32,768 to 32,767

Char 1 byte 256 character values

Float 4 bytes 3.4e-38 to 3.4e38

Double 8 bytes 1.7e-308 to 1.7e308

long double 10 bytes 1.2e-4932 to 1.2e4932

 Operators
• C++ provides operators for composing
arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise, and
conditional expressions.
• It also provides operators which produce
useful side-effects, such as assignment,
increment, and decrement.
 Assignment Operators

• The assignment operator is used for storing a

value at some memory location (typically
denoted by a variable).
• Its left operand should be value (standing for left
value), and its right operand may be an arbitrary
expression.
• The latter is evaluated and the outcome is stored
in the location denoted by the value.
…
Operator Example Equivalent To

= n = 25

+= n += 25 n = n + 25

-= n -= 25 n = n - 25

*= n *= 25 n = n * 25

/= n /= 25 n = n / 25

%= n %= 25 n = n % 25

&= n &= 0xF2F2 n = n & 0xF2F2

|= n |= 0xF2F2 n = n | 0xF2F2

^= n ^= 0xF2F2 n = n ^ 0xF2F2

<<= n <<= 4 n = n << 4

>>= n >>= 4 n = n >> 4

 Arithmetic Operators

• C++ provides five basic arithmetic operators.

Operator Name Example

+ Addition 12 + 4.9 // gives 16.9

- Subtraction 3.98 - 4 // gives -0.02

* Multiplication 2 * 3.4 // gives 6.8

/ Division 9 / 2.0 // gives 4.5

% Remainder 13 % 3 //gives 1
// gives 1
Arithmetic operators.
 Relational Operators

• C++ provides six relational operators for comparing numeric

quantities.
• These are summarized in table below.
• Relational operators evaluate to 1 (representing the true outcome) or
0 (representing the false outcome).
Operator Name Example
== Equality 5 == 5 // gives 1
!= Inequality 5 != 5 // gives 0
< Less Than 5 < 5.5 // gives 1
<= Less Than or Equal 5 <= 5 // gives 1
> Greater Than 5 > 5.5 // gives 0
>= Greater Than or Equal 6.3 >= 5 // gives 1
Relational operators
 Logical Operators
• C++ provides three logical operators for
combining logical expression.

• These are summarized in the table below. Like

the relational operators, logical operators
evaluate to 1 or 0.
Operator Name Example

! Logical Negation !(5 == 5) // gives 0

&& Logical And 5 < 6 && 6 < =6 // gives 1

|| Logical Or 5 < 6 || 6 < 5 // gives 1

Logical operators
 Increment/decrement Operators
• The auto increment (++) and auto decrement (--)
operators provide a convenient way of,
respectively, adding and subtracting 1 from a
numeric variable.
• The examples assume the following variable
definition:
• int k = 5;
Operator Name Example

++ Auto Increment (prefix) ++k + 10 // gives 16

++ Auto Increment (postfix) k++ + 10 // gives 15

-- Auto Decrement (prefix) --k + 10 // gives 14

-- Auto Decrement (postfix) k-- + 10 // gives 15

Increment and decrement operators

 Simple Type Conversion

• A value in any of the built-in types we have see so

far can be converted (type-cast) to any of the other
types.
For example:
• (int) 3.14 // converts 3.14 to an int to give 3
• (long) 3.14 // converts 3.14 to a long to give 3L
• (double) 2 // converts 2 to a double to give 2.0
• (char) 122 // converts 122 to a char whose code is
122
• (unsigned short) 3.14 // gives 3 as an unsigned short
 Statements

• Statements represent the lowest-level building blocks of a

program.
• Roughly speaking, each statement represents a
computational step which has a certain side-effect.

• Statements are useful because of the side-effects they

cause, the combination of which enables the program to
serve a specific purpose
• A running program spends all of its time executing
statements.
 Assignment statement.

• Syntax:
• <Variable Identifier> = < expression>;
• Description:
• The <expression> is evaluated and the resulting
value is stored in the memory space reserved
for <variable identifier>.
• Eg: - int x,y ;
• x=5;
• y=x+3;
• x=y*y;