INTRODUCTION TO OBJECT

ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
Introduction
– A Brief Programming History
– OOP
– Classes & Objects

2
 COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

An algorithm is a step-by-step process.

A computer program is a step-by-step set

of instructions for a computer.

Every computer program is an algorithm.

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 COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

The history of computer programming is a

steady move away from machine-oriented
views of programming towards concepts and
metaphors that more closely reflect the way
in which we ourselves see & understand the
world

4
 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

• Programming languages allow programmers

to develop software.
• The three major families of languages are:
– Machine languages
– Assembly languages
– High-Level languages

5
 MACHINE LANGUAGES

• Comprised of 1s and 0s
• The “native” language of a computer
• Difficult to program – one misplaced 1 or 0
will cause the program to fail.
• Example of code:
1110100010101 111010101110
10111010110100 10100011110111

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 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGES
• Assembly languages are a step towards easier
programming.
• Assembly languages are comprised of a set of
elemental commands which are tied to a
specific processor.
• Assembly language code needs to be translated
to machine language before the computer
processes it.
• Example:
ADD 1001010, 1011010

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 HIGH-LEVEL
• LANGUAGES
High-level languages represent a giant leap
towards easier programming.
• The syntax of HL languages is similar to
English.
• Example:
grossPay = basePay + overTimePay
• Interpreter – Executes high level language programs without compilation.

• Historically, we divide HL languages into two

groups:
– Procedural languages
– Object-Oriented languages (OOP)
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 PROCEDURAL LANGUAGES
• Early high-level languages are typically called
procedural languages.
• Procedural languages are characterized by
sequential sets of linear commands. The focus
of such languages is on structure.
• Examples include C, COBOL, Fortran, LISP,
Perl, HTML, VBScript

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 OBJECT- ORIENTED LANGUAGES

• The focus of OOP languages is not on structure,

but on modeling data.
• Programmers code using “blueprints” of
data models called classes.
• Examples of OOP languages include
C++, Visual Basic.NET and Java.

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 EARLY PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGES
1950s 1960s 1970s
Simula
Lisp
Algol60 Algol68

Fortran Pascal

COBOL BCPL Classic C

PL\1

Red==major commercial use

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Blue==will produce important “offspring”
 MODERN PROGRAMMING
Lisp
LANGUAGES
Smalltalk Python
PHP
Fortran77
Eiffel Java95 Java04
Simula67

C89 C++ C++98 C++0x

Ada Ada98 C#

Pascal Object Pascal

COBOL04 Javascript
COBOL89
Visual Basic
PERL 13
• Simula is a name for two simulation programming
languages, Simula I and Simula 67, developed in the
1960s at the Norwegian Computing Center in Oslo, by
Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard.
• Simula is considered the first object-
oriented
programming language.
• Simula was designed for doing simulations, and the
needs of that domain provided the framework for many of
the features of object-oriented languages today.
13
 Introduction
– A Brief Programming History
– OOP
– Classes & Objects

14
 OOP
• OOP is mainly a program design philosophy.
• OOP uses a different set of programming
languages than old procedural
languages (C, Pascal, etc.). programming
• Everything in OOP is as
grouped sustainable "objects". self
Hence,by means
usability gain re-
you of four main object-oriented
programming concepts.
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 OOP
• In OOP programmers define not only the data type of a data
structure, but also the types of operations/methods
(functions) that can be applied to the data structure.
• In this way, the data structure becomes an object that
includes both data and functions (methods) in one unit. In
addition, programmers can create relationships between
one object and another.
• For example, objects can inherit characteristics from other
objects.
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 OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGES
· Pure OO Languages
Eiffel, Actor, Emerald, JADE, Obix, Ruby, Python, Scala,
Smalltalk, Self.

· Hybrid OO Languages
Delphi/Object Pascal, C++, Java, C#, VB.NET, Pascal,
Visual Basic, MATLAB, Fortran, Perl, COBOL 2002,
PHP, ABAP, Ada 95.

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 OOP
Key idea in object-oriented:

The real world can be “accurately” described as a

collection of objects that interact.

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 OOP BASIC
Object TERMINOLOGY
- usually a person, place or thing (a noun)
Method
- an action performed by an object (a verb)
Property or attribute
- Characteristics of certain object.
Class
- a category of similar objects (such as automobiles), does
not hold any values of the object’s attributes/properties

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 CLASSES AND OBJECTS
• A class is a prototype, idea, and blueprint for
creating objects.
• An object is an instance of a class.
• For example, in Java we define
classes, which in turn are used to create
objects
• A class has a constructor for creating objects
• Class is composed of three things: its
name, attributes/properties, and methods.
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 CLASSES (OBJECTS)

Class

Class Properties:
Objects: Belong to the class
Instances of the class

Methods:
Functions of class
Instance Properties:
Belong to the object

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 CLASSES & OBJECTS

A class is a definition of
objects with the same
properties and the same
methods.

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CLASSES EXAMPLE

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ALMOST EVERYTHING IN THE WORLD CAN
BE REPRESENTED AS AN OBJECT
• A flower, a tree, an animal
• A student, a professor
• A desk, a chair, a classroom, a building
• A university, a city, a country
• The world, the universe
• A subject such as CS, IS, Math, History, …
• An information system, financial, legal, etc..
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 What Is an Object, again?

An object is an instance of a class

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 MORE ABOUT OBJECTS
• Informally, an object represents an entity, either
physical, conceptual, or software.

– Physical entity
Truck

– Conceptual entity
Chemical
Process

– Software entity

Linked List
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MORE FORMAL DEFINITION OF AN
“OBJECT”
An object is a computational entity that:
1. Encapsulates some state
2. Is able to perform actions, or methods, on
this state
3. Communicates with other objects via
message passing

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 CLASSES & OBJECTS

CLASS = CAR

PROPERTY METHOD
Plate no: AD47483
PROPERTY
Color: Blue
Moves
backward
Moves Do
forward
something:
Typeof car: Sedan Moves right
function & procedure
Model: CLK Moves left
Gear type: Automatic Stops

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 Classes &
CLASS
Objects

Tim
inTim
e hour
eAttribut
es:
minut hour =
e 8
minute =
void 30
addMinutes( int m ) Methods:
outTim void
addMinut
eAttribut es(int m)
es:
hour =
17
minute =
objects
35
Methods:
void
addMinut
es(int m)
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 CLASS/OBJECT

Each copy of an
object from a
particular class is
called an instance
of the class.

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 IN SHORT…
• An Object is a Class when it comes alive!
• Homo Sapien is a class, John and Jack are
objects
• Animal is a class “Snowball” the cat is an
object
• Vehicle is a class My neighbor's BMW is an
object
• Galaxy is a class, the MilkyWay is an object
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 TECHNICAL CONTRAST
BETWEEN OBJECTS & CLASSES
CLASS OBJECT
Class is a data type Object is an instance of Class.

It generates OBJECTS It gives life to CLASS

Does not occupy memory It occupies memory location.

location
It cannot be manipulated It can be manipulated.
because it is not available in
memory (except static class)

Object is a class in “runtime”

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 OBJECTS NEED TO COLLABORATE!
• Objects are useless unless they
can collaborate together to solve a
problem.
– Each object is responsible for its
own behavior and status.
– No one object can carry out every
responsibility on its own.
• How do objects interact with each other?
– They interact through messages.
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 OBJECT INTERACTION
Object 1 Object 2

Message
Property Property

Method Method

Object 3

Property

Method

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 EXAMPLE OF OBJECT
INTERACTION
• The OrderEntryForm wants Order to calculate the total NOK
value for the order.

calculateOrderTotal()
orderID
date
salesTotal
tax
shipDate

Message

OrderEntryForm Order

The class Order has the responsibility to calculate the total NOK value.

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 OOP Basic Concepts
– Encapsulation
– Inheritance
– Abstraction
– Polymorphism

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ENCAPSULATION

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 ENCAPSULATION
• Is the inclusion of property & method within a
class/object in which it needs to function properly.
• Also, enables reusability of an instant of an
already implemented class within a new class
while hiding & protecting the method and
properties from the client classes.

38
 ENCAPSULATION
• The class is kind of a container or capsule or a cell,
which encapsulate the set of methods, attributes and
properties to provide its indented functionalities to other
classes.
• In that encapsulation also allows a class
sense,
change to
its internal implementation without hurting
the
overall functioning of the system.
• That idea of encapsulation is to hide how a class does its
operations while allowing requesting its operations.
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 ENCAPSULATION IN ACTION
Example:
• Let’s say we have a class called “Date” (day,
month, year). And then you need to define
another class called “Person” that has the
following attributes (first name, last name, and
birthdate). So in this case we can instantiate an
object from class “Date” inside class “Person”.

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 ENCAPSULATION – BENEFITS
 Ensures that structural changes remain local:
 Changing the class internals does not affect any
code outside of the class
 Changing methods'
implementation does not reflect the clients using them
 Encapsulation allows adding some logic
when accessing client's data
 E.g. validation on modifying a property value

 Hiding implementation details reduces

complexity
 easier maintenance 4
 OOP Basic Concepts
– Encapsulation
– Inheritance
– Abstraction
– Polymorphism

42
 INHERITANCE
• Inheritance—a way of organizing classes
• Term comes from inheritance of traits like
eye color, hair color, and so on.
• Classes properties in common can be
with
grouped so that their common properties
are only defined once in parent class.
• Superclass – inherit its attributes & methods to
the subclass(es).
• Subclass can inherit all its superclass
attributes
– & methods besides having its
own unique attributes & methods.
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 INHERITANCE

• Inheritance allows child classes to inherit

the characteristics of existing parent class
• Attributes (fields and properties)
• Operations (methods)
• Child class can extend the parent class
• Add new fields and methods
• Redefine methods (modify existing behavior)
• A class can implement an interface by providing
implementation for all its methods
47
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 INHERITANCE

• Expresses commonality among

classes/objects
• Allows code reusability
• Highlights relationships
• Helps in code organization

45
INHERITANCE

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 INHERITANCE –
EXAMPLE Base
Person class
+Name: String
+Address:
String
Derived Derived
class class

Employee Student
+Company: +School: String
String
+Salary: double
+Name: String +Name: String
+Address: +Address:
String String 50
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 AN INHERITANCE HIERARCHY

Superclass
Vehicle
Subclasses

Automobile Motorcycle Bus

Sedan Sports Car School Bus Luxury Bus

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 EXAMPLE: SINGLE INHERITANCE
One class inherits from another.
Ancestor
Account
- balance
- name
Superclass - number
(parent)
+ withdraw()
+ createStatement()

Inheritance
Relationship

Savings Checking
Subclasses

Descendents 52
 EXAMPLE: MULTIPLE
INHERITANCE
• A class can inherit from several other
classes.
FlyingThing Animal

Multiple Inheritance

Airplane Helicopter Bird Wolf Horse

Most modern languages don’t support multiple inheritance!

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 OOP Basic Concepts
–Encapsulation
– Inheritance
– Abstraction
– Polymorphism

51
 TYPE OF CLASSES

Concrete Class Abstract Class

Can be instantiated directly Can’t be instantiated directly

52
 ABSTRACTION
• Abstraction is a design principle.

• Is the process of removing characteristics from something in

order to reduce it to a set of essential characteristics.
• Through the process of abstraction, a programmer hides
all
but the relevant data about a class in to reduce
order complexity and increase reusability.
• Abstraction is a basic representation of a concept.

53
 ABSTRACTION
• Abstraction allows programmers to represent complex
real world in the simplest manner.
• It is a process of identifying the relevant qualities and
behaviors an object should possess, in other word
represent the necessary features without representing
the back ground details
• You should always use abstraction to ease reusability,
and understanding for the design and enable extension.
• When we design the abstract classes, we define
the
framework for later extensions. 54
 ABSTRACTION
• An abstract class, which declared with the
“abstract” keyword, cannot be instantiated.
• It can only be used as a super-class for
other classes that extend the abstract
class. Abstract class is a design concept
and implementation gets completed when
it is being realized by a subclass.

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 ABSTRACTION - TYPE OF
CLASSES
DOB:
Person Name:
Address:

Concrete Class Abstract Class

Can be instantiated directly Can’t be instantiated directly

DOB: DOB:
Name: Teacher Student Name:
Address: Address:
Specialization: GPA:
Academic Title: Courses:
Etc…: Etc…:
Can be instantiated directly 59
 ABSTRACTION
• An abstract class is a class that may not have any direct
instances.
• An abstract operation is an that it
operation incomplete and requires
a
implementation child
of to
the operation. is
supply
Shape
{abstract} Abstract class an
draw () {abstract} Abstract operation

Circle Rectangle

draw () draw () 57
 OOP Basic Concepts
– Encapsulation
– Inheritance
– Abstraction
– Polymorphism

58
 POLYMORPHISM

• Encapsulation, Inheritance, and

Abstraction concepts are very related
to Polymorphism.

59
 POLYMORPHISM
• Polymorphisms is a generic term that means 'many
shapes'. More precisely Polymorphisms means the
ability to request that the same methods be performed
by a wide range of different types of things.
• In OOP, polymorphisms is a technical issue and
principle.
• It is achieved by using many different techniques named
method overloading, operator overloading, and method
overriding.
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 POLYMORPHISM

• An object has “multiple identities”, based

on its class inheritance tree
• It can be used in different ways

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 POLYMORPHISM
• In Java, two or more classes could each have a
method called output
• Each output method would do the right thing
for the class that it was in.
• One output might display a number
(output.number) in one class, whereas it might
display a name (output.text) in another class.

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 POLYMORPHISM
• It is the ability to look at a class in
its parent image.
• Lets see the robot example throughout the
following few slides

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 ADVANTAGES OF OOP

• Code reuse & recycling

• Improved software-development productivity

• Improved software maintainability

• Faster development

• Lower cost of development

• Higher-quality software

• Encapsulation

64
 DISADVANTAGES OF OOP
• Steep learning curve
• Could lead to larger program sizes
• Could produce slower programs

65
 OOP SUITABILITY

• Object oriented programming is good in

complex projects or modular type of
systems. It allows simultaneous system
development teams and also could aid
in agile system development
environments like Xtreme Programming.

66
 R EF ER EN C E S
MIT OpenCourseWare:
http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-01sc-
introduction-to-electrical-engineering-and-computer-science-i-spring-2011/unit-1-
software-engineering/object-oriented-programming
Larman, C. (2012). Applying UML and Patterns: An Introduction to
Object- Oriented Analysis and Design and Iterative Development, 3/e. Pearson
Education
India.
http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/concepts
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming

https://www.udacity.com/wiki/classes
https://weblogs.java.net/blog/potty/archive/2014/01/20/introduction-object-
oriented-programming-oop-part-i
Lischner, Ray. "Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming." Exploring C++ 11.
67
Apress, 2013. 239-244.