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SQL Unit 2

The document discusses various data models used in relational database management systems, including conceptual, physical, and implementation models. It outlines the basic building blocks of data models such as entities, attributes, and relationships, and describes different types of relationships including one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many. Additionally, it covers hierarchical and network models, along with their advantages and disadvantages, and highlights the relational model introduced by Edgar F. Codd, emphasizing its benefits and challenges.

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2 views23 pages

SQL Unit 2

The document discusses various data models used in relational database management systems, including conceptual, physical, and implementation models. It outlines the basic building blocks of data models such as entities, attributes, and relationships, and describes different types of relationships including one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many. Additionally, it covers hierarchical and network models, along with their advantages and disadvantages, and highlights the relational model introduced by Edgar F. Codd, emphasizing its benefits and challenges.

Uploaded by

omkate7505
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Relational Database Management

System
Prof. Manish Kumar Joshi, Assistant Professor,
Prof. Nishant P. Khatri, Assistant Professor,
Parul Institute Of Computer Application.
CHAPTER-2
Data Models
Data Models
A database model may be a form of data model that determines the logical structure
or variety of a database and essentially determines in which manner data is kept,
organized, and manipulated.

The most standard example of a info model is:- relational model, which uses a table-
based format.
Data models outline however data is connected to every alternative and
how they're processed and stored inside the system.

Data Model: a group of ideas to explain the structure or variety of a database,


and certain constraints that the database should obey.
Data Model Operation
Data Model Operations: The Operations is used for specifying database
retrievals and updates by referring to the concepts of the data model. An
Operations on the data model may include basic operations and user-defined
operations.
Data Model Basic Building Blocks

Entity:-
Anything regarding that information are collected/stored.
An entity is associate degree object that exists and is distinguishable
from different objects.
Example: specific person, company, event, plant
An entity set could be a set of entities of the same type that share the
same properties.
Example: set of all persons, companies, trees, holidays
Data Model Basic Building Blocks

An entity is represented by a collection of attributes; i.e., descriptive properties

possessed by all members of an entity set.

Example:-

teacher = (ID, name, street, city, earnings ).

course= (course_id, title, credits).

A set of the attributes type a primary key of the entity set;

i.e., uniquely identifying each member of the set.


Data Model Basic Building Blocks

Attribute
Characteristic of an entity
Relationship
Describes an association among entities
One-to-one (1:1) relationship (1 student enroll for one
course)
One-to-many (1:M) relationship (1 company many
departments)
Many-to-one (M:1) relationship (Many seller 1 product)
Many-to-many (M:N or M:M) relationship (many books many
Categories of data models
• Conceptual (high-level, semantic) data models:- Provide
concepts that are close to the way many users perceive(distinguish)
data. (Also called entity-based or its also called object-based data
models.)
• Physical (low-level, internal) data models:- Provide concepts that
describe details of how data is stored in the computer.
• Implementation (representational/External) data models:-
Provide concepts that fall between the above two, balancing user
views with some computer storage details.
Database Relationship
A relationship is represented by diamond shape in Entity Relational
diagram, it shows the relationship among entities. There are four
types of relationships:
1. One to One
2. One to Many
3. Many to One
4. Many to Many
One to One Relationship
• When a one instance of an entity is associated with
a one instance of another entity then it is called
one to one relationship. For eg:- , a person has only
one passport and a passport is given to one person.

Image from self


One to Many Relationship
When a one instance of an entity is associated with more than one
instances of another entity then it is called one to many
relationship. For eg:- a customer can place many orders but a
order cannot be placed by many customers.

Image from self


Many to One Relationship
• When more than single instances of an entity is
associated with a single instance of another entity
then it is called many to one relationship. For eg:–
many students can study in a single college but a
student cannot study in many colleges at the same
time.

Image from self


Many to Many Relationship
• When more than single instances of an entity is
associated with more than single instances of
another entity then it is called many to many
relationship. For eg:-, a student can be assigned to
many projects and a project can be assigned to
many students.

Image from self


Hierarchical Model
• In this model every entity has only single
parent but will have many children . At the top of hierarchy there's only
1 entity that is named Root.

• A hierarchical database model is a data model in that the data are organized
into a tree-like structure. ... The hierarchical database model mandates that
each child record has only 1 parent, whereas every parent record can have
one or a lot of child records.

Image from:Tutorial point


Hierarchical Model

Image from:Tutorial point


Advantages of Hierarchical Model
•Have many different structures and forms.
•Structures data in an upside-down tree. (Simplifies data
overview)
•Manages large amounts of data.
•Express the relationships between information.
•Many children per parent.
•Distribute data in terms of relationships.
•Improve data sharing.
Network Model
•The network model, entities are organised in a graph, in which few entities can be
accessed through several path.
•A network model is a database model that is designed as a flexible approach to
representing object and their relationships. A unique features of the network
model is its schema, which is viewed as a graph where relationship types are arcs
and object types are nodes.

Image from:Tutorial point


Advantages Of Network Model
•The Simple Concept: Similar to the hierarchical model, this
model is simple and the implementation is effortless.
•The Ability to Manage More Relationship Types: The network
model has the ability to manage one-to-one (1:1) as well as
many-to-many (N: N) relationships.
•Easy Access to Data: Accessing the data is simpler when
compared to the hierarchical model.
•Data Integrity: In a network model, there's always a connection
between the parent and the child segments because it depends
on the parent-child relationship.
•The Data Independence: Data independence is better in network
models as opposed to the hierarchical models.
Disadvantages Of Network Model
•Data relationships must be predefined.
•Much more complex than the hierarchical data model.
•Users are still require to know the physical representation of the
database
•Information can be related in various and complicated ways.
•Lack structural independence.
Relational Model
The relational data model was introduced in 1970 by Edgar F.
Codd. He worked for IBM. All data is represented as simple
tabular data structures which the user can access through a high-
level non-procedural language. In 1974 IBM proposed a new high-
level non-procedural language – SEQUEL (renamed into SQL in
1990).
Advantages Of Relational Model
• Structured independence is promoted.
• Users do not have to know the physical representation of the
database.
• Use of SQL language to access data.
• Easier database design.
• Tabular view improves simplicity.
• Support large amounts of data.
• Data independence.
• Multi-level relationships between data sets
• No need to predefined data relationships.
Disadvantages Of Relational Model
•Data anomalies.
•People need training if they want
to use the system effectively and
efficiently.
www.paruluniversity.ac.in

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