Faculty Orientation Workshop

(Under the aegis of BoS (E&TC), SPPU, PUNE)

SE (E&TC/Electronics)
Revised Syllabus 2019 Course
Subject: Principles of Communication Systems
Unit No.4
Pulse Modulation
Date: 19th January 2021

Prepared by
Mr. Amol D. Sonawane
JSPM’s Rajarshi Shahu College of Engineering,
Tathawade, Pune.
 Unit No.4. Pulse Modulation
Theory Practicals
Need of analog to digital conversion Experiment No.3
Verification of Sampling Theorem,
sampling theorem for low pass PAM Techniques, (Flat top & Natural
signal in time domain, and Nyquist sampling), reconstruction of original
criteria. signal, Observe Aliasing Effect in
frequency domain.
Types of sampling- natural and flat
top. Experiment No.4
Generation and Detection of PWM
Pulse amplitude modulation & using IC 555
concept of TDM: Channel bandwidth
for PAM, Experiment No.13
Verify Sampling Theorem using
equalization, Signal Recovery simulation.
through holding.

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

and Pulse Position Modulation (PPM):
Generation & Detection.
 Need of Analog to Digital conversion
Analog-to-Digital converters translate analog signals, real
world signals like temperature, pressure, voltage, current,
distance, or light intensity, into a digital representation of
that signal.

This digital representation can then be processed,

computed, transmitted or stored.
 Need of Analog to Digital conversion
Digital signal is easy to perform mathematical manipulation to
the data. So the computers and microprocessors can store, analyse,
understand, process, and display the results, since microprocessors
deal with digital information.

Once the data is in digital format, it can be statistically analysed

such as mathematically process it to extract, isolate, manipulate
information as desired.

It can be compressed for faster transmission and minimize

hardware storage capacity.

It can be encrypted for security.

With analog, it is pretty easy to tap into a private phone

conversation; digital encryption secured privacy.
 Need of Analog to Digital conversion

It is easy to search and compare stored digital data.

Better Noise immunity.

Supports high signal fidelity.

Channel coding can be possible.

Flexible hardware implementation.

Use of regenerative repeaters is possible.

Digital signal is more reliable as compared to analog circuits.

 Sampling Process
It is the process of converting continuous a analog signal to discrete
analog signal. Hence sampled signal is discrete time representation
of original analog signal.
 Basic Sampling Theorem Statement
Sampling theorem states that “continues form of a time-variant
signal can be represented in the discrete form of a signal with help
of samples and the sampled (discrete) signal can be recovered to
original form when the sampling signal frequency Fs having the
greater frequency value than or equal to the input signal frequency
Fm.
Fs≥2Fm
If the sampling frequency (Fs) equals twice the input signal
frequency (Fm), then such a condition is called the Nyquist
Criteria for sampling. When sampling frequency equals twice the
input signal frequency is known as “Nyquist rate”.
Fs=2Fm
If the sampling frequency (Fs) is less than twice the input signal
frequency, such criteria called an Aliasing effect.
Fs<2Fm
So, there are three conditions that are possible from the sampling
frequency criteria. They are sampling, Nyquist and aliasing states.
 Sampling Theorem for low pass signals
The low pass signals having the low range frequency and
whenever this type of low-frequency signals need to convert
to discrete then the sampling frequency should be at least
twice or greater than twice of these low-frequency signals to
avoid the distortion in the output discrete signal. By
following this condition, the sampled signal does not overlap
and this sampled signal can be reconstructed to its original
form.

OR

“A continuous time signal x(t) can be completely represented

in its sampled form and recovered back from the sampled
form if sampling frequency Fs≥2W where W is the maximum
frequency of the continuous time signal x(t)”

This theorem was introduced by Shanon in 1949.

Sampling Theorem Proof
 Pulse Modulation
Introduction
Pulse modulation consists essentially of sampling
analog information signals and then converting
those samples into discrete pulses and transporting
the pulses from a source to a destination over a
physical transmission medium.

The four predominant methods of pulse modulation:

1) Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)

2) Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
3) Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
4) Pulse Code Modulation (PCM).
 Pulse Modulation

Analog Pulse Modulation Digital Pulse Modulation

Pulse Amplitude (PAM)

Pulse Width (PWM) Pulse Code (PCM)

Pulse Position (PPM)

Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM):

* The signal is sampled at regular intervals such that each sample is
proportional to the amplitude of the signal at that sampling instant. This
technique is called “sampling”.
* For minimum distortion, the sampling rate should be more than twice the
signal frequency.
 1. Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
Ideal Sampling:-
Natural Sampling or Chopper Sampling:-
Natural Sampling Waveforms
“Natural Sampling” (Practically)
 Working of “Natural Sampling”
• The circuit is used to illustrate pulse amplitude modulation
(PAM). The FET is the switch used as a sampling gate.
• When the FET is on, the analog voltage is shorted to ground;
when off, the FET is essentially open, so that the analog
signal sample appears at the output.
• Op-amp 1 is a non-inverting amplifier that isolates the
analog input channel from the switching function.
• Op-amp 2 is a high input-impedance voltage follower
capable of driving low-impedance loads (high “fanout”).
• The resistor R is used to limit the output current of op-amp 1
when the FET is “on” and provides a voltage division with rd
of the FET. (rd, the drain-to-source resistance, is low but not
zero)
Spectrum of Naturally Sampled Signal
Spectrum of Naturally Sampled Signal
Spectrum of Naturally Sampled Signal
Spectrum of Naturally Sampled Signal
Spectrum of Naturally Sampled Signal
Flat Top Sampling
Flat Top Sampling
Spectrum of Flat Top Sampled Signal
Spectrum of Flat Top Sampled Signal
Spectrum of Flat Top Sampled Signal
Spectrum of Flat Top Sampled Signal
Effect of pulse width τ on aperture effect
 Aperture Effect
The High frequency roll off characteristics of typical H(f) is
acts like LPF and attenuates the upper portion (HF) of message
signal spectrum, this loss of HF content is called Aperture Effect.

It can be reduced with pulse width τ and using equalizer.

Fig. Recovering the original message signal m(t) from PAM signal

10
 2. Pulse Width Modulation

• In pulse width modulation (PWM), the width of each pulse is

made directly proportional to the amplitude of the information
signal.
 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

•
PWM Waveforms
PWM Waveforms
Generation of PWM
 3. Pulse Position Modulation
• In pulse position modulation, constant-width pulses
are used, and the position or time of occurrence of
each pulse from some reference time is made directly
proportional to the amplitude of the information signal
• PPM encodes the sample values of s(t) by varying the
position of a pulse of constant duration relative to its
nominal time of occurrence.
PPM Generation
PPM Generation
PPM Waveforms
Pulse Width (duration) Modulation (PWM)
Pulse-Position Modulation (PPM)
Comparison between PWM and PPM
Demodulation of PWM
 Demodulation of PWM

•
PWM Signal Waveform

The waveform after processed

by the integrator and voltage
threshold circuit
 Demodulation of PWM

The output signal of with pulse signal

PAM Signal Waveform

 Demodulation of PWM

PWM Signal Waveform

•
The waveform after processed
by the integrator and voltage
threshold circuit

The output signal of with pulse

signal

PAM Signal Waveform

Conversion of PPM to PWM
Conversion of PPM to PWM
Applications
 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
Definition: Time Division Multiplexing
(TDM) is the time interleaving of
TDM is a technique used for samples from several sources so that the
information from these sources can be
transmitting several message
transmitted serially over a single
signal
communication channel.
over single communication
channel by dividing the time Channels ki
frame in to slots, one slot for
each message signal. k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6
c

t
TDM-PAM
TDM-PAM Transmitter
TDM-PAM Receiver
Sample signal 1

Time
Sample signal 2

Time
Multiplexed two signals

Time
TDM-PAM of Three signals

Time
 TDM-PAM of 4 signals

4
1
2
3

Time
 Commutator Arrangement

g1(t)

g2(t)

g3(t)
g4(t)
 Decommutator Arrangement

g1(t)

g2(t)
1 2

4 3
g3(t)

g4(t)
 Block diagram of TDM
system.

Conceptual diagram of multiplexing-demultiplexing.

PAM TDM System

 Synchronous TDM

1. Same Sampling rate for all signals.

2. Minimum Sampling rate = twice the
maximum frequency of all the signals.
3. Total number of samples transmitted per
second is equal to N times the sampling
rate, Fs plus sync pulses.
4. Transmission Bandwidth = N. Fs/2
 Asynchronous TDM

1. Different Sampling rate for different signals.

2. Sampling rate of a signal = twice the maximum
frequency of that signal.
3. Total number of samples transmitted per second
is equal to Sum of samples of all the signals plus
sync pulses.
4. Transmission Bandwidth = Half the total number
of samples transmitted.
5. Bandwidth is less for Asynchronous TDM.
 Applications of TDM

Digital Telephony

 Data communications

Satellite Access

 Cellular radio.
 Problems on TDM
Problem-1
Two low-pass signals of equal bandwidth are
sampled and time division multiplexed using
PAM. The TDM signal is passed through a Low-
pass filter & then transmitted over a channel
with a bandwidth of 10KHz.
What is maximum Sampling rate for each Channel?
Problem-1 Solution
Channel Bandwidth = 10 KHz.
Maximum Sampling rate for each channel = 10K
Samples/sec.
 Problems on TDM

Problem-2
Two signals g1(t) and g2(t) are to transmitted over a
common channel by means of TDM. The
highest frequency of g1(t) is 1KHz and that of
g2(t) is 1.3KHz. What is the permissible
sampling rate?

Problem-2 Solution
2.6K samples/sec and above.
 Problems on TDM
Problem-3
3 signals having a data rate 2 kbps are grouped together by
means of time division multiplexing, each unit consist of one
bit.
Calculate Transmission Rate of TDM, Duration of each time slot
and duration of one TDM frame.

Problem-3 Solution
Transmission Rate: n x 2000 =6000 bps
Duration of each time slot: 1/6000 = 166.7 Microsecond
Frame Duration: n x 166.7 Microsec = 0.5 millisecond
 TEXT BOOKS REFERENCE BOOKS
T1. Taub, Schilling, “Principles of R1. Bernard Sklar,Prabitra Kumar Ray, “Digital
Communication System”, Fourth Edition, Communications Fundamentals and
McGraw Hill Applications” Second Edition,Pearson
Education

T2. B P Lathi, Zhi Ding “Modern Analog and R2. Wayne Tomasi, “Electronic Communication
Digital Communication System”, Oxford System” Pearson Educaton, 5th Edition.
University Press, Fourth Edition

R3. A.B Carlson, P B Crully, J C Rutledge,

“Communication Systems”, Fifth Edition,
McGraw Hill Publication.

R4. Simon Haykin, “Digital Communication

Systems”, John Wiley & Sons, Fourth Edition .

R5. P Ramkrishna Rao, Digital Communication,

McGrawHill Publication
Questions?
THANK YOU