Scribd
Upload
14 views16 pages

1 5 LearningandAdaptation

The document discusses the concepts of learning and adaptation in neural networks, highlighting their importance in both biological and artificial systems. It covers various learning methods including supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning, as well as adaptation techniques such as online learning, transfer learning, and dynamic architectures. The conclusion emphasizes the significance of these processes in enhancing the performance and versatility of neural networks across diverse applications.

Uploaded by

konkimalla.vr.rao
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
14 views16 pages

1 5 LearningandAdaptation

The document discusses the concepts of learning and adaptation in neural networks, highlighting their importance in both biological and artificial systems. It covers various learning methods including supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning, as well as adaptation techniques such as online learning, transfer learning, and dynamic architectures. The conclusion emphasizes the significance of these processes in enhancing the performance and versatility of neural networks across diverse applications.

Uploaded by

konkimalla.vr.rao
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

Learning and Adaptation

 Learning and adaptation are fundamental


characteristics of both biological and artificial neural
networks. In the context of artificial neural networks
(ANNs), learning refers to the process by which the
network adjusts its parameters based on input data to
improve its performance on a specific task.
 Adaptation, on the other hand, refers to the network's
ability to modify its behavior or structure in response
to changes in the environment or task requirements.
Learning in Neural Networks

• Supervised Learning
• Unsupervised Learning
• Reinforcement Learning
Supervised Learning
 In supervised learning, the network is trained on a
dataset consisting of input-output pairs.
 During training, the network adjusts its parameters,
such as weights and biases, to minimize the
difference between the predicted outputs and the true
outputs.
 Common algorithms for supervised learning include
back propagation and its variants for tasks like
• image classification
• speech recognition
• and regression (e.g., predicting house prices, stock prices).
Unsupervised Learning
 Unsupervised learning involves training the network
on input data without explicit output labels
 The network learns to discover patterns, structures,
or representations in the data without guidance
 Clustering, dimensionality reduction, and self-
organizing maps are examples of unsupervised
learning tasks
Unsupervised Learning
 Common unsupervised learning algorithms include
clustering algorithms

 k-means clustering, hierarchical clustering

 Dimensionality reduction techniques

 Principal Component Analysis (PCA)


 T-distributed stochastic neighbour embeding (t-SNE))
Reinforcement Learning
 Reinforcement learning involves training the
network to take actions in an environment to
maximize cumulative rewards.
 The network learns (an agent ) through trial and
error, receiving feedback from the environment in
the form of rewards or penalties.
 Algorithms such as Q-learning and deep Q-
networks (DQN) are commonly used in
reinforcement learning.
Adaptation in Neural Networks
• Online Learning
• Learning Rate Adjustment
• Regularization Techniques
• Transfer Learning
• Dynamic Architectures
• Recurrent Networks
• Self-organizing Maps (SOMs)
• Meta-Learning
Online Learning
 Neural networks can adapt to new data in real-time
or incrementally through online learning.
 Instead of retraining the entire network from scratch,
online learning algorithms update the network's
parameters iteratively as new data becomes
available.
 This enables continuous adaptation to changing
environments or data distributions.
Learning Rate Adjustment
 The learning rate is a hyper parameter that controls
the size of the updates to the network's parameters
during training
 Adaptive learning rate adjustment algorithms, such
as AdaGrad, RMSProp, and Adam, dynamically
adjust the learning rate based on the gradients of the
loss function
 This adaptive adjustment helps to prevent
overshooting or getting stuck in local minima during
optimization
Regularization Techniques
 Regularization techniques such as dropout and
weight decay help prevent over fitting by
regularizing the network's parameters
 Dropout randomly drops out units (neurons) during
training, forcing the network to learn redundant
representations and improving its generalization
performance
 Weight decay penalizes large weights, encouraging
the network to learn simpler models that generalize
better to unseen data
Transfer Learning
 Transfer learning allows neural networks to leverage
knowledge gained from one task or domain to
improve performance on a related task or domain.
 By transferring learned representations or features
from a pre-trained network, adaptation to new tasks
or datasets can be accelerated, particularly when
labeled data is limited.
Dynamic Architectures
 Some neural networks feature dynamic architectures
that can adapt their structure or connectivity during
operation.
 For example, recurrent neural networks (RNNs) can
dynamically adjust their internal state based on input
sequences, enabling them to process variable-length
sequences effectively.
Recurrent Networks
 RNNs and their variants, such as long short-term
memory (LSTM) and gated recurrent units (GRUs),
have internal memory mechanisms that allow them
to capture temporal dependencies in sequential data
 These networks can adapt to sequences of varying
lengths and learn long-term dependencies, making
them suitable for tasks such as
 Language modeling,
 Speech recognition, and
 Time series prediction.
Self-organizing Maps
 SOMs are a type of unsupervised neural network that
learns to map high-dimensional input data onto a
lower-dimensional grid while preserving the
topological structure of the input space
 SOMs adaptively organize the input data based on
similarities, allowing them to capture the underlying
structure of complex datasets and adapt to changes in
the data distribution
Meta-Learning
 Meta-learning involves training a neural network to
learn how to learn. Instead of specializing in a single
task, meta-learning algorithms aim to acquire
knowledge or strategies that facilitate rapid
adaptation to new tasks or environments.
 Meta-learning can enhance the network's ability to
generalize and transfer knowledge across tasks.
Conclusion
 Learning and adaptation enable neural networks to
acquire knowledge, improve performance, and adapt
to changing circumstances, making them powerful
tools for a wide range of applications in artificial
intelligence, machine learning, robotics, and beyond.
 As research in neural network theory and algorithms
continues to advance, learning and adaptation remain
central to the development of more intelligent and
adaptive systems.

You might also like