Turning effect of force or moment of

force or torque.
• The turning effect of a force is the ability of a force
applied to make something turn around a fixed point
or pivot.
• Torque = force * perpendicular distance
= force * length of the lever arm
= N * m = Nm
Units of moment of force
• S.I unit – Newton meter.
• C.G.S unit – Dyne cm
• Gravitational unit in S.I system – Kgf m
• Gravitational unit in C.G.S System – gf cm
• 1 Nm = 107 Dyne Cm
• 1 kgf m= 9.8 N m
• 1gf cm=980 dyne cm
Factors affecting torque
• Magnitude of force.
as force increases torque increases
• The length of lever arm.
As perpendicular distance increases torque increases.
Clockwise and anticlockwise
moments
• Clockwise moment: rotates the body in clockwise direction.
• It is always negative.
• Anticlockwise moment: rotates the body in anticlockwise direction.
• It is always positive
How to change the moment
• By changing the point of application of the force.
• By changing the direction of the force
Common examples of moment of
force
• Open and shut the door
• Hand flour grinder
• Steering wheel
• Bicycle chain and pedal
• Spanner
• Jack screw used to lift the load
Couple
• Two equal and opposite forces not acting along the same line forms a
couple.
Examples of couple
• Car wrench
• Turning a water tap
• Tightening the cap of the bottle
• Turning a key in a lock
• Turning a steering wheel
Moment of couple
Equilibrium of bodies
• When a number of forces acting on a body produce no change in its
state of rest or of linear or rotational motion , the body is said to be in
state of equilibrium
Kinds of equilibrium
• Static equilibrium: when the body remains in the state of rest under
the influence of several forces
• Dynamic equilibrium: when the body remains in the state of motion
under the influence of several forces
Static equilibrium - examples
• Book lying on the table
• A balanced beam balance
Dynamic equilibrium examples
• A rain drop reaching the earth
• An aeroplane at constant height
• Motion of planets around the sun
Conditions for equilibrium
• The resultant of all forces acting on the body should be zero
• The algebraic sum of moments of all the forces acting on the body
about the point of rotation should be zero.
Principle of moments
Centre of gravity
• Is the point about which the algebraic sum of moments of weights of all
the particles constituting the body is zero.
• The entire weight of the body is considered to acts at this point ,
however the body is placed.
• CG depends on the shape of the body. It changes if the body is deformed.
• CG of uniform wire is at the middle of its length .
• If the wire is into the form of circle its CG will be at the center of the
circle.
• CG can be outside the body – center of hollow sphere or center of the
ring.
CG is the balance point of a solid
body
Centripetal force
• Force acting on a body moving in a circular path , in the direction
towards the center of the circular path
• It is a real force
Examples of centripetal force
• Atom – electrostatic force of attraction provides the centripetal force.
• For planets and moon - gravitational force of attraction provides
the centripetal force.
• For stone tied at the end of the string – the tension of
the string provides the centripetal force.
Centrifugal force
• Acts away from the center pf the circular path.
• It is fictious force ( not a real force).
Thank you
Grade X: Chapter 2
• Work, Energy,Power
Work
• Work is said to be done when the force applied on a body makes it to
move
• Work done = force * displacement
• W=F*S
• Factors affecting work done
• Amount the force applied
• Amount of displacement
Work done
• Positive
• Negative
• zero
Work done by force of gravity
• W = mgh
• If an object is thrown up ( W = -mgh) work done against gravity
• If an object t is falling down ( W = mgh)
Power
• Rate of doing work
Work and power
Work power
W = Force * displacement Power = work done / time
does not depend on time Depend on time
S.I unit is Joule S. I unit is J/s or watt
Energy
• Ability of a body to do work.
• S.I unit is Newton meter (Nm) or Joule (J)
Different units of energy
• Energy of Atomic particles– electron volt (eV)
• Electrical energy – kilowatt hour (kWh)
• Food industry – calories or kilocalories.
• Case i:
• Light body (A) – mass m
• Heavy body (B) – mass M
• Both have same momentum p.
• Then K.E of light body A > K.E of heavy body B.
• Case ii
 Light body (A) – mass m
 Heavy body (B) – mass M
 Both have same K.E
 P of heavy body B > p of light body A
Work energy theorem
• The increases in K.E of a moving body is the work done by a force acting
in the direction of the moving body
Conversion of P.E into K.E
• P.E can be converted to only K.E
• K.E can be converted to any form of energy
Examples for P.E to K.E
• Wound up watch spring
• Bow and arrow
• Compressed spring
Principle of Conservation of energy
• energy can neither be created nor be destroyed but it can be
changed from one form to another.
Conservation of mechanical energy
K.E + P.E = T.M.E = constant at any point
Thank you
Grade X: Chapter 3
• Machines
Pulley
• It consists of grooved wheels and a rope to raise, lower or move a load.
• A pulley makes our work easier by changing the direction in which the
force is applied.
• E.g. Drawing water from well, hoisting a flag, lifting heavy loads.
Pulley
Single fixed pulley
• MA = 1
• VR = 1
• Function : change in direction
Single movable pulley
• MA = 2
• VR = 2
• Force multiplier
Combination of single movable and
single fixed pulley
• Force multiplier
• Change in direction
Thank you