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Lecture Week 3-Databases

The document provides an overview of SQL commands and operations related to MS SQL Server, including SELECT, PIVOT, ROLLUP, OFFSET, TOP, and JOIN. It also outlines the process of creating a database, inserting data into tables, updating records, and generating reports with aggregate functions. Key examples illustrate how to manipulate and query data in an eCommerce database context.

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Layan Mahasneh
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7 views17 pages

Lecture Week 3-Databases

The document provides an overview of SQL commands and operations related to MS SQL Server, including SELECT, PIVOT, ROLLUP, OFFSET, TOP, and JOIN. It also outlines the process of creating a database, inserting data into tables, updating records, and generating reports with aggregate functions. Key examples illustrate how to manipulate and query data in an eCommerce database context.

Uploaded by

Layan Mahasneh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LO1: MS SQL server

Databases-Week 3
SELECT

SELECT Command

• Purpose: Retrieves data from one or more tables.


• Usage: Queries the database to extract and display data
based on conditions.

SELECT username, age FROM Users WHERE


age > 18;
PIVOT

PIVOT Command
• purpose: Transforms rows into columns, often used in reporting.
• Usage: Typically used to aggregate data and restructure it for easier analysis.

SELECT *
FROM (SELECT ProductID, SalesDate, Quantity FROM Sales) AS
SourceTable
PIVOT (SUM(Quantity) FOR SalesDate IN ([2023], [2024])); AS
PivotTable;
ROLLUP

ROLLUP
• Purpose: Creates subtotals that roll up from detailed data to
higher-level data, often used in aggregations.
• Usage: Used with `GROUP BY` to generate subtotals and grand
totals
SELECT category, SUM(sales)

FROM Products

GROUP BY ROLLUP(category);
OFFSET
OFFSET Command
• Purpose: Skips a specified number of rows before starting to return
rows in the result set.
• Usage: Often used with `LIMIT` or `FETCH` to implement pagination.
FETCH more readable than LIMIT

SELECT username FROM Users

ORDER BY id
OFFSET 10 ROWS FETCH NEXT 5 ROWS ONLY; --LIMIT 5
OFFSET 10
TOP

TOP Command

• Purpose: Limits the number of rows returned by a query.


• Usage: Fetches only the top `N` rows from a result set, often used to
retrieve the first few rows of a large dataset.

SELECT TOP 5 username, age FROM Users ORDER BY


age DESC;
GROUP BY

GROUP BY

• Purpose: Groups rows that have the same values in


specified columns into summary rows, often used with
aggregate functions like SUM, COUNT, AVG, etc.
• Usage: To create summaries or totals based on column
values.
SELECT age, COUNT(*) FROM Users GROUP
BY age;
• LEFT JOIN → Includes unmatched rows from the left

JOIN table.
• RIGHT JOIN → Includes unmatched rows from the
right table.
• FULL JOIN → Includes unmatched rows from both
JOIN
tables
• Purpose: Combines •rows
Cross
fromJOIN:
two orenumerate all possible
more tables based combinations
on a related
column between them.
• Types: INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, FULL OUTER JOIN, CROSS JOIN.
Using JOINT without specifying a type defaults into INNER (only match).

SELECT Users.username, Orders.order_id

FROM Users

INNER JOIN Orders ON Users.id = Orders.user_id;


Ecommerce Database

SQL Operators
Creating the Database
-- Step 4: Create a 'Products' table
CREATE TABLE Products (
ProductID INT PRIMARY KEY,
and Tables ProductName VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
Category VARCHAR(50),
-- Step 1: Create a database
Price DECIMAL(10, 2) CHECK (Price > 0) -- Price must be
CREATE DATABASE ECommerce; greater than 0
);

-- Step 2: Use the newly created database


-- Step 5: Create a 'Sales' table
USE ECommerce;
CREATE TABLE Sales (
SaleID INT PRIMARY KEY,
-- Step 3: Create a 'Users' table ProductID INT,
CREATE TABLE Users ( UserID INT,
id INT PRIMARY KEY, Quantity INT CHECK (Quantity > 0),
username VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL UNIQUE, SalesDate DATE DEFAULT GETDATE(),
FOREIGN KEY (ProductID) REFERENCES Products(ProductID),
email VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
FOREIGN KEY (UserID) REFERENCES Users(id)
age INT CHECK (age > 18), -- Age must be greater than 18
);
status VARCHAR(20) DEFAULT 'active' -- Default status is
'active'
-- Step 6: Create an index on the SalesDate for fast querying
);
CREATE INDEX idx_salesdate ON Sales (SalesDate);
Inserting Data into the Tables
-- Step 1: Insert data into the Users table
INSERT INTO Users (id, username, email, age) -- Step 3: Insert data into the
VALUES (1, 'john_doe', '[email protected]', Sales table
25),
INSERT INTO Sales (SaleID,
(2, 'jane_smith', '[email protected]', 30),
ProductID, UserID, Quantity,
(3, 'alice_jones', '[email protected]', 22); SalesDate)
-- Step 2: Insert data into the Products table VALUES (1, 101, 1, 1, '2024-09-
INSERT INTO Products (ProductID, 01'),
ProductName, Category, Price)
(2, 102, 2, 2, '2024-09-02'),
VALUES (101, 'Laptop', 'Electronics', 1200.00),
(3, 103, 3, 1, '2024-09-03');
(102, 'Smartphone', 'Electronics', 800.00),
(103, 'Tablet', 'Electronics', 500.00);
-- Update a user's email

Updati UPDATE Users

ng SET email =
Data '[email protected]'

WHERE id = 1;
-- Merge new sales data into the Sales table

MERGE INTO Sales AS target

USING (SELECT 102 AS ProductID, 2 AS UserID, 3 AS Quantity,


'2024-09-04' AS SalesDate) AS source

Mergin ON (target.ProductID = source.ProductID AND target.UserID =


source.UserID)

WHEN MATCHED THEN

g Data UPDATE SET target.Quantity = source.Quantity, target.SalesDate =


source.SalesDate

WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN

INSERT (SaleID, ProductID, UserID, Quantity, SalesDate)

VALUES (4, source.ProductID, source.UserID, source.Quantity,


source.SalesDate);
Selecting Data with Different
Queries
-- Simple SELECT to retrieve all users -- PIVOT to transform sales data (Sales per
SELECT * FROM Users; product per day)
SELECT *
-- SELECT specific columns and records FROM (SELECT ProductID, SalesDate,
Quantity FROM Sales)
SELECT username, email FROM Users WHERE age >
20; PIVOT (SUM(Quantity) FOR SalesDate IN
([2024-09-01], [2024-09-02], [2024-09-03]))
AS PivotTable;
-- SELECT with OFFSET for pagination (skip the first
row)
SELECT * FROM Users ORDER BY id OFFSET 1 ROWS
-- Using ROLLUP to aggregate sales by
FETCH NEXT 2 ROWS ONLY; product category
SELECT Category, SUM(Price) AS TotalSales
-- SELECT TOP N rows FROM Products
SELECT TOP 2 * FROM Products ORDER BY Price GROUP BY ROLLUP(Category);
DESC;
Deleting Data

-- Delete a specific user from


the Users table

DELETE FROM Users WHERE id


= 3;
Creating a -- Get total sales for each user along with a

Sales
breakdown by product
SELECT u.username, p.ProductName,

Report
SUM(s.Quantity) AS TotalQuantity,
SUM(s.Quantity * p.Price) AS TotalSales

with FROM Sales s

Constraint JOIN Users u ON s.UserID = u.id

s and JOIN Products p ON s.ProductID = p.ProductID

Aggregatio GROUP BY u.username, p.ProductName;

ns
•Explanation of SQL Operations in This Example
1. USE: Switches to the ECommerce database to perform all operations.
2. INSERT: Adds records to the Users, Products, and Sales tables.
3. UPDATE: Modifies the email of a user.
4. DELETE: Removes a record from the Users table.
5. MERGE: Combines data from a source query into the Sales table, either updating or inserting new records
based on conditions.
6. SELECT: Retrieves specific information using filtering, ordering, and grouping functions.
7. PIVOT: Transforms sales data by converting dates from rows to columns.
8. ROLLUP: Aggregates data to calculate subtotals for each product category.
9. OFFSET: Skips the first few rows and fetches the next set of results for pagination.
10.TOP: Limits the number of rows returned by the query.
11.Join: used to combine data from two or more tables based on a related column (INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, FULL,
CROSS)

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