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Class Ix 2. Polynomials

The document is a lesson plan for Chapter II on Polynomials for STD-IX Mathematics at Mothers Public School, detailing key concepts such as definitions, classifications, operations, and theorems related to polynomials. It includes exercises for students to practice identifying polynomials, determining degrees, and applying the Remainder and Factor Theorems. The document also provides examples and exercises to reinforce learning and understanding of polynomial concepts.

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3 views28 pages

Class Ix 2. Polynomials

The document is a lesson plan for Chapter II on Polynomials for STD-IX Mathematics at Mothers Public School, detailing key concepts such as definitions, classifications, operations, and theorems related to polynomials. It includes exercises for students to practice identifying polynomials, determining degrees, and applying the Remainder and Factor Theorems. The document also provides examples and exercises to reinforce learning and understanding of polynomial concepts.

Uploaded by

rntrnt747
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MOTHERS PUBLIC SCHOOL,

PAHALA,BBSR
SESSION – 2024-25

STD- IX (MATHEMATICS)
Chapter - II
POLYNOMIALS

BY-
Mr. Ronit
Mohapatra
PK TESTING
• What is constant?
• What is variable?
• What is an algebraic expression?
• What is like term?
• What is unlike term?
• What are monomial, binomial, trinomial?
• Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of
polynomials?
LEARNING POINTS
• To know about the polynomial in one variable, coefficient,
terms, degree and zeros of it.
• Discussion on different types of polynomials.
• To find zeros of polynomials.
• Finding remainder by long division method.
• Finding remainder without long division method (by
Remainder theorem method).
• Factor theorem.
• Factorization of polynomial by splitting the middle term.
• To know about algebraic identities.
POLYNOMIAL IN ONE VARIABLE
Word polynomial signifies an algebraic expression with
many terms.
Polynomial in one variable f(x) is an algebraic
expression in x as
f(x) = anxn+an-1xn-1+----------------------+ a 2x2+a1x+a0
where n- non negative integer or whole number ,
x- variable of polynomial f(x) , and a0,a1,a2,…………..,an-1 , an
constants are called coefficients of x0,x1,x2,…….,xn-1, xn
respectively of polynomial f(x). Each of anxn,an-1xn-
1
,--------------,a2x2,a1x,a0 is called a term of polynomial f(x).
Examples of polynomials :
Variable of Being
polynomials polynomial polynomial/
reason
not

f(x)=3x4+2x2-1 x yes Exponents of x are whole


numbers
f(y)=9y5- 5y+6 y yes Exponents of y are whole
numbers
q(x) =x+ x no Exponents of x in 2nd term is -1 not a
whole number.
f(x)=+2x2-1 x no Exponents of x in 1st term is not a
whole number.
EXERCISE :

Q. Which of the following expressions are polynomials?


(i) 1- x (ii) b3+ b2 + 4b-1 (iii) +7

(iv) (v) 4 (vi)

Answer : (iv) & (vi) are not polynomials


Degree of polynomials

The highest exponent of the variable in any term of the


polynomial is called degree of the polynomial.
In f(x) = anxn+an-1xn-1+----------------------+a2x2+a1x+a0
deg.f(x)= n , leading coefficient = an
In q(x) = 5x6+3x4+4 deg.q(x)=6 and
leading coefficient =5
CLASSIFICATION OF
POLYNOMIALS
Zero polynomial– A polynomial having all its coefficient zero.
f(x) = 0x2+0x+0
Note: Degree of zero polynomial is not defined.

Constant polynomial- A polynomial f(x)=ax0 or f(x)=a ,where a is called


constant polynomial. Constant polynomial is always a monomial.
Degree of constant polynomial =zero
Ex. f(x) =4 so deg.f(x)=0
Linear polynomial– A polynomial of the form f(x)=ax+b where a, b are
real numbers and a is called linear polynomial. linear polynomial may be
monomial or binomial . Degree of linear polynomial = 1
Ex. f(x) =4x , f(x) = x+1
Quadratic polynomial - A polynomial of the form f(x)= ax2 + bx +c where a,
b,c are real numbers and a is called quadratic polynomial. Quadratic
polynomial can be monomial , binomial or trinomial .
Degree of quadratic polynomial = 2
Ex. x2+1 , x2 , – x2 +2 are quadratic polynomials

Cubic polynomial - A polynomial of the form f(x)= ax3 + bx2 +cx+d where
a, b,c ,d are real numbers and a is called cubic polynomial. cubic polynomial
can be monomial , binomial , trinomial or multinomial.
Degree of cubic polynomial = 3
Ex. x3+1 , x3 , – x3 +2 , 4x3+3x2+4x+9 are cubic polynomials.

Biquadratic polynomial- - A polynomial of the form f(x)= ax4 + bx3


+cx2+dx+e where a, b, c , d, e are real numbers and a is called biquadratic
polynomial.
Degree of biquadratic polynomial = 4
Ex. f(x)= 3x4 -5x3 +3x2+9x-7
NEGATIVE OF A POLYNOMIAL

f(x) = anxn+an-1xn-1+----------------------+ a 2x2+a1x+a0


so g(x) = -anxn-an-1xn-1- ---------------------- - a 2x2-a1x-a0
thus g(x) is called negative of f(x).

NOTE: Degree of product of two non-zero polynomials is


the sum of degree of two polynomials. If f(x) and g(x) are
two non-zero polynomials
deg.[f(x).g(x)] =deg.f(x) +deg.g(x)
ZERO OF A POLYNOMIAL
Any value of x for which f(x) becomes zero is called a zero of
the polynomial f(x)
Example f(x) = 2x - 4 for real number x , at x=2
f(2) = 2 2 - 4 so that f(2)=0

thus x=2 is a zero of f(x).


NOTE:
• Non zero constant polynomial has no zero.
• Every real number is a zero of the zero polynomial.
• Linear polynomial has unique(one and only one) zero.
• Quadratic polynomial can have at most two zeros.
• Every polynomial of degree can have at most n real zeros.
DIVISION OF TWO POLYNOMIALS
If 12 3=4 thus quotient = 4
12 = 3 4 , so 3 and 4 are factors of 12 .
12 is a multiple of 3 or 4.
DIVISION OF TWO POLYNOMIALS

let f(x) ,g(x) 0 be two polynomials such that


deg.f(x) deg.g(x) then there exist two polynomials
q(x) and r(x) such that

f(x) = g(x). q(x) + r(x) where either r(x) = 0


or deg.r(x) <deg.g(x)
dividend = divisor quotient + remainder
This is known as division algorithm.
example 2.19 com maths

Exercise question :
Q. Divide the polynomial and find out quotient and remainder.
Q. Using long division show is factor of
Q. Divide . Write quotient and the remainder
Answer
1. , 11
2. Quotient =
3. Quotient = remainder =
Remainder theorem
Let p(x) be any polynomial of degree greater than or equal to one and let a be any
real number. If p(x) is divided by the linear polynomial (x-a) then remainder is p(a)

Proof :- Let p(x) be a polynomial deg.p(x)


When p(x) is divided by (x-a )then q(x) be the quotient and r(x) is remainder
p(x) = (x-a) q(x) + r(x)
degree of (x-a) is 1 degree of r(x) is less than degree of (x-a)
degree of r(x) = 0
⟹ r(x) is constant say R
for every value of x r(x) = R
p(x) = (x – a) q(x) + R
x=a p(x)= (a – a) q(x) + R
⟹ p(x) = R
Which proves the theorem
Q. find the remainder when is divided by x – 1
Ans- f(x) = g(x) = x – 1
g(x) = 0 ⟹ x+1 = 0 ⟹ x = – 1
by remainder theorem :- f(– 1) =
f(– 1) = 1 – 2 +1 =0
Thus, the remainder be 0.

Q. for what values of k is the polynomial exactly divided by


(x+2)
Soln. let f(x) =
Since f(x) is exactly divided by (x + 2)
The remainder must
be zero
by using remainder theorem
Remainder f(– 2) = 0
Remainder f(– 2) = 0
⟹
⟹
⟹ 32 – 24 + 8k – 6 +6 = 0
⟹ 8 + 8k = 0
⟹ 8k = – 8
⟹ k=–1
Hence f(x) is exactly divisible by x + 2 when k = – 1

Exercise questions
1. Without actual division determine the remainder when the
polynomial is divided by x + separately.
Ans-
2. Without actual division prove that f(x) = is exactly divisible by
Hint : split in its factors
FACTOR THEOREM
Let p(x) be a polynomial of degree n > 1 and let a be any real number. If p(a) = 0
then (x – a ) is a factor of p(x) and conversely if (x – a ) is a factor of p(x) then
p(a) = 0
When p(x) is divided by (x – a ), q(x) be the quotient and r(x) be remainder
p(x) = (x – a ) q(x) + r(x)
Proof :-
By remainder theorem r(x) = p(a)
p(x) = (x – a )q(x) +p(a)
1. If p(a) = 0 then p(x) = (x – a ) q(x)
⟹x – a is a factor of p(x)

2. Since ( x – a) is factor of p(x) then on dividing p(x) by (x – a ) there exist

∴ p(x) = (x – a ) q(x)
quotient q(x) and remainder r(x) = 0

⟹ ∴ p(a) = 0
At x = a p(a) = (a – a ) q(x)

Which proves the theorem


SOME EXMPLES
FACTORISATION IN POLYNOMIAL
Q. Using factor theorem factorise
Exercise Questions
1. Find k so that (2x – 1 ) be a factor of 8 ?
2. Find the value a if (x-2) is a factor of x 3-2ax2+ax-1 ?

3. If (x-2) is a factor of x2 + ax - 6 and x2 – 9x +b then find the values of a


and b ?

Answers
4. k= -2
5. a=
6. a= 1 and b = 14
HOTS QUESTIONS :
1. If , then evaluate
2. If has as a factor and leaves a reminder 3 when divided by . Find
the value of m and n.
3. Factorise if it is given that is the factor of it.
4. Factorise
5. Factorise
6. If f(x)= is a polynomial such that when it is divided by the
reminder are 5 and 19 respectively. Determine the reminder when
f(x) is divided by
7. What must be added to so that the result is exactly is exactly
divisible by
8. .What must be subtracted from so that the result
is exactly divisible by .
RELATED ANSWERS:

1. 110
2. M = -3 , n =-1
3. (3z + 10 ) (3z -10) (z-3)
4. (x-1)(x-10)(x-12)
5. (y-1)(y+1)(2y+1)
6. 10
7. 2x+5
8. 4x-4
THANK
YOU

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