UNIT - I

Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as an input

from the user and processes it under the control of a set of instructions
(called program), produces a result (output), and saves it for future use.

A computer is an electronic data processing device, which accepts and stores

data input, processes the data input, and generates the output in a required
format.
Functionalities of a Computer

If we look at it in a very broad sense, any digital computer carries out the following
five functions −
Step 1 − Takes data as input.
Step 2 − Stores the data/instructions in its memory and uses them as required.
Step 3 − Processes the data and converts it into useful information.
Step 4 − Generates the output.
Step 5 − Controls all the above four steps.
Advantages of Computers

High Speed
● Computer is a very fast device.
● It is capable of performing calculation of very large amount of data.
● The computer has units of speed in microsecond, nanosecond, and even the picosecond.
● It can perform millions of calculations in a few seconds as compared to man who will
spend many months to perform the same task.
Accuracy
● In addition to being very fast, computers are very accurate.
● The calculations are 100% error free.
● Computers perform all jobs with 100% accuracy provided that the input is correct.

Storage Capability
● Memory is a very important characteristic of computers.
● A computer has much more storage capacity than human beings.
● It can store large amount of data.
● It can store any type of data such as images, videos, text, audio, etc.

Diligence
● Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness, and lack of concentration.
● It can work continuously without any error and boredom.
● It can perform repeated tasks with the same speed and accuracy.
Versatility
● A computer is a very versatile machine.
● A computer is very flexible in performing the jobs to be done.
● This machine can be used to solve the problems related to various fields.
● At one instance, it may be solving a complex scientific problem and the very next moment it may be
playing a card game.

Reliability
● A computer is a reliable machine.
● Modern electronic components have long lives.
● Computers are designed to make maintenance easy.

Automation
● Computer is an automatic machine.
● Automation is the ability to perform a given task automatically. Once the computer receives a program i.e.,
the program is stored in the computer memory, then the program and instruction can control the program
execution without human interaction.
Reduction in Paper Work and Cost
● The use of computers for data processing in an organization leads to reduction in paper work
and results in speeding up the process.
● As data in electronic files can be retrieved as and when required, the problem of maintenance of
large number of paper files gets reduced.
● Though the initial investment for installing a computer is high, it substantially reduces the cost
of each of its transaction.

Disadvantages of Computers
Following are certain disadvantages of computers.

No I.Q.
● A computer is a machine that has no intelligence to perform any task.
● Each instruction has to be given to the computer.
● A computer cannot take any decision on its own.
Dependency
● It functions as per the user’s instruction, thus it is fully dependent on humans.

Environment
● The operating environment of the computer should be dust free and suitable.

No Feeling
● Computers have no feelings or emotions.
● It cannot make judgment based on feeling, taste, experience, and knowledge
unlike humans.
Application of Computer

Business
A computer has high speed of calculation,
diligence, accuracy, reliability, or versatility
which has made it an integrated part in all
business organizations.
Computer is used in business organizations for
−
● Payroll calculations
● Budgeting
● Sales analysis
● Financial forecasting
● Managing employee database
● Maintenance of stocks, etc.
Banking

Today, banking is almost

totally
dependent on computers.
Banks provide the following facilities −
● Online accounting facility, which
includes checking current balance,
making deposits and overdrafts,
checking interest charges, shares,
and trustee records.
● ATM machines which are
completely automated are making it
even easier for customers to deal
with banks.
Insurance

Insurance companies are keeping all records up-

to-date with the help of computers. Insurance
companies, finance houses, and stock broking
firms are widely using computers for their
concerns.
Insurance companies are maintaining a database
of all clients with information showing −
● Procedure to continue with policies
● Starting date of the policies
● Next due installment of a policy
● Maturity date
● Interests due
● Survival benefits
● Bonus
Education

The computer helps in providing a lot of facilities

in the education system.
● The computer provides a tool in the
education system known as CBE (Computer
Based Education).
● CBE involves control, delivery, and
evaluation of learning.
● Computer education is rapidly increasing
the graph of number of computer students.
● There are a number of methods in which
educational institutions can use a computer
to educate the students.
● It is used to prepare a database about
performance of a student and analysis is
carried out on this basis.
Marketing

● Advertising − With computers,

advertising professionals create
art and graphics, write and revise
copy, and print and disseminate
ads with the goal of selling more
products.
● Home Shopping − Home
shopping has been made
possible through the use of
computerized catalogues that
provide access to product
information and permit direct
entry of orders to be filled by
Healthcare

Computers have become an important part in hospitals,

labs, and dispensaries. They are being used in hospitals
to keep the record of patients and medicines. It is also
used in scanning and diagnosing different diseases.
ECG, EEG, ultrasounds and CT scans, etc. are also
done by computerized machines.
Following are some major fields of health care in which
computers are used.
● Diagnostic System − Computers are used to
collect data and identify the cause of
illness.
● Lab-diagnostic System − All tests can be done
and the reports are prepared by computer.
● Patient Monitoring System − These are used to
check the patient's signs for abnormality such as
in Cardiac Arrest, ECG, etc.
● Pharma Information System − Computer is used
to check drug labels, expiry dates, harmful side
effects, etc.
● Surgery − Nowadays, computers are also used in
Engineering Design
One of the major areas is CAD (Computer
Aided Design) that provides creation and
modification of images. Some of the fields are
−

● Structural Engineering − Requires stress

and strain analysis for design of ships,
buildings, budgets, airplanes, etc.
● Industrial Engineering − Computers deal
with design, implementation, and
improvement of integrated systems of
people, materials, and equipment.
● Architectural Engineering − Computers
help in planning towns, designing
buildings, determining a range of
buildings on a site using both 2D and 3D
drawings.
Military

Computers are largely used in defence.

Modern tanks, missiles, weapons, etc.
Military also employs computerized
control systems. Some military areas
where a computer has been used are −
● Missile Control
● Military Communication
● Military Operation and Planning
● Smart Weapons
Communication

Communication is a way to convey a

message, an idea, a picture, or speech that
is received and understood clearly and
correctly by the person for whom it is
meant. Some main areas in this category
are −
● E-mail
● Chatting
● Usenet
● FTP
● Telnet
● Video-conferencing
Government
Computers play an important role
in government services. Some
major fields in this category are
−Budgets
● Sales tax department
● Income tax department
● Computation of male/female
ratio
● Computerization of voters
lists
● Computerization of PAN
card
Different types of Computer systems
Computers can be broadly classified by their speed and computing power.

S.No. Type Specifications

PC (Personal It is a single user computer system having moderately powerful microprocessor

1
Computer)

It is also a single user computer system, similar to personal computer however has a more
2 Workstation
powerful microprocessor.

3 Mini Computer It is a multi-user computer system, capable of supporting hundreds of users simultaneously.

It is a multi-user computer system, capable of supporting hundreds of users simultaneously.

4 Main Frame
Software technology is different from minicomputer.

It is an extremely fast computer, which can execute hundreds of millions of instructions per
5 Supercomputer
PC (Personal Computer)

A PC be defined as a
can small, relatively
inexpensive
user. PCs arecomputer
baseddesigned
on thefor microprocessor
an individual
technology that enables manufacturers to put an
entire CPU on one chip. Businesses use personal
computers for word processing, accounting, desktop
publishing, and for running spreadsheet and database
management applications. At home, the most
popular use for personal computers is playing games
and surfing the Internet.
Although personal computers are designed as single-
user systems, these systems are normally linked
together to form a network. In terms of power, now-
a-days high-end models of the Macintosh and PC
offer the same computing power and graphics
capability as low-end workstations by Sun
Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard, and Dell.
Workstation

Workstation is a computer used for engineering

applications (CAD/CAM), desktop publishing, software
development, and other such types of applications which
require a moderate amount of computing power and
relatively high quality graphics capabilities.
Workstations generally come with a large, high-resolution
graphics screen, large amount of RAM, inbuilt network
support, and a graphical user interface. Most
workstations also have mass storage device such as a disk
drive, but a special type of workstation, called diskless
workstation, comes without a disk drive.
Common operating systems for workstations are UNIX
and Windows NT. Like PC, workstations are also single-
user computers like PC but are typically linked together
to form a local-area network, although they can also be
used as stand-alone systems.
Minicomputer

It is a midsize multi-processing
system capable of supporting up to
250 users simultaneously.
Mainframe

Mainframe is very large in size and

is an expensive computer capable of
supporting hundreds or even
thousands of users simultaneously.
Mainframe executes many
programs concurrently and supports
many simultaneous execution of
programs.
Supercomputer

Supercomputers are one of the

fastest computers currently
available. Supercomputers are
very expensive and are employed
for specialized applications that
require immense amount of
mathematical calculations
(number crunching).
 Basic components of Digital Computer System
All types of computers follow the same basic logical structure and perform the following five basic operations for converting
raw input data into information useful to their users.

S.No. Operation Description

1 Take Input The process of entering data and instructions into the computer system.

2 Store Data Saving data and instructions so that they are available for processing as and when required.

Performing arithmetic, and logical operations on data in order to convert them into useful
3 Processing Data
information.

Output The process of producing useful information or results for the user, such as a printed report or
4
Information visual display.

Control the Directs the manner and sequence in which all of the above operations are performed.
5
Input Unit
This unit contains devices with the help of which we enter data into the computer. This unit creates a link between the user
and the computer. The input devices translate the information into a form understandable by the computer.

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

CPU is considered as the brain of the computer. CPU performs all types of data processing operations. It stores data,
intermediate results, and instructions (program). It controls the operation of all parts of the computer.
CPU itself has the following three components −
● ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
● Memory Unit
● Control Unit

Output Unit
The output unit consists of devices with the help of which we get the information from the computer. This unit is a link
between the computer and the users. Output devices translate the computer's output into a form understandable by the
users.
Central Processing Unit (CPU) consists of the
following features −
● CPU is considered as the brain of the
computer.
● CPU performs all types of data processing
operations.
● It stores data, intermediate results, and
instructions (program).
● It controls the operation of all parts of the
computer.
Memory or Storage Unit
This unit can store instructions, data, and intermediate results. This unit supplies
information to other units of the computer when needed. It is also known as internal
storage unit or the main memory or the primary storage or Random Access Memory
(RAM).
Its size affects speed, power, and capability. Primary memory and secondary memory
are two types of memories in the computer. Functions of the memory unit are −
● It stores all the data and the instructions required for processing.
● It stores intermediate results of processing.
● It stores the final results of processing before these results are released to an output
device.
● All inputs and outputs are transmitted through the main memory.
Control Unit
This unit controls the operations of all parts of the computer but does not carry out any
actual data processing operations.
Functions of this unit are −
● It is responsible for controlling the transfer of data and instructions among other
units of a computer.
● It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer.
● It obtains the instructions from the memory, interprets them, and directs the
operation of the computer.
● It communicates with Input/Output devices for transfer of data or results from
storage.
● It does not process or store data.
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
This unit consists of two subsections namely,
● Arithmetic Section
● Logic Section

Arithmetic Section
Function of arithmetic section is to perform arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division. All complex operations are done by making repetitive use of the
above operations.

Logic Section
Function of logic section is to perform logic operations such as comparing, selecting,
matching, and merging of data.
INPUT DEVICE

● Keyboard
● Mouse
● Joy Stick
● Light pen
● Track Ball
● Scanner
● Graphic Tablet
● Microphone
● Magnetic Ink Card Reader(MICR)
● Optical Character Reader(OCR)
● Bar Code Reader
● Optical Mark Reader(OMR)
Keyboard
Keyboard is the most common and very popular input device which
helps to input data to the computer. The layout of the keyboard is like
that of traditional typewriter, although there are some additional keys
provided for performing additional functions.
Keyboards are of two sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys, but now
keyboards with 104 keys or 108 keys are also available for Windows
and Internet.
1. Typing Keys
These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and digit keys (09) which
generally give the same layout as that of typewriters.
2. Numeric Keypad
It is used to enter the numeric data or cursor movement. Generally, it
consists of a set of 17 keys that are laid out in the same configuration
used by most adding machines and calculators.
 3.Function Keys
The twelve function keys are present on the keyboard which are arranged in a row at the
top of the keyboard. Each function key has a unique meaning and is used for some
specific purpose
4.Control keys
These keys provide cursor and screen control. It includes four directional arrow keys. Control
keys also include Home, End, Insert, Delete, Page Up, Page Down, Control(Ctrl),
Alternate(Alt), Escape(Esc).
5.Special Purpose
Keys
Keyboard also contains some special purpose keys such as Enter, Shift, Caps Lock, Num
Lock, Space bar, Tab, and Print Screen.
Mouse
Mouse is the most popular pointing device. It is a very
famous cursor-control device having a small palm size box
with a round ball at its base, which senses the movement of
the mouse and sends corresponding signals to the CPU when
the mouse buttons are pressed.
Generally, it has two buttons called the left and the right
button and a wheel is present between the buttons. A mouse
can be used to control the position of the cursor on the screen,
but it cannot be used to enter text into the computer.

Advantages
● Easy to use
● Not very expensive
● Moves the cursor faster than the arrow keys of the
keyboard.
Joystick
Joystick is also a pointing device, which is used
to move the cursor position on a monitor screen.
It is a stick having a spherical ball at its both
lower and upper ends. The lower spherical ball
moves in a socket. The joystick can be moved in
all four directions.

The function of the joystick is similar to that of a

mouse. It is mainly used in Computer Aided
Designing (CAD) and playing computer games.
Light Pen
Light pen is a pointing device similar to a
pen. It is used to select a displayed menu
item or draw pictures on the monitor screen.
It consists of a photocell and an optical
system placed in a small tube.
When the tip of a light pen is moved over
the monitor screen and the pen button is
pressed, its photocell sensing element
detects the screen location and sends the
corresponding signal to the CPU.
Track Ball
Track ball is an input device that is mostly used
in notebook or laptop computer, instead of a
mouse. This is a ball which is half inserted and by
moving fingers on the ball, the pointer can be
moved.
Since the whole device is not moved, a track ball
requires less space than a mouse. A track ball
comes in various shapes like a ball, a button, or a
square.
Scanner
Scanner is an input device, which works more
like a photocopy machine. It is used when
some information is available on paper and it
is to be transferred to the hard disk of the
computer for further manipulation.
Scanner captures images from the source
which are then converted into a digital form
that can be stored on the disk. These images
can be edited before they are printed.
Digitizer
Digitizer is an input device which converts analog
information into digital form. Digitizer can convert a
signal from the television or camera into a series of
numbers that could be stored in a computer. They can
be used by the computer to create a picture of
whatever the camera had been pointed at.
Digitizer is also known as Tablet or Graphics Tablet
as it converts graphics and pictorial data into binary
inputs. A graphic tablet as digitizer is used for fine
works of drawing and image manipulation
applications
Microphone
Microphone is an input device to input
sound that is then stored in a digital form.
The microphone is used for various
applications such as adding sound to a
multimedia presentation or for mixing
music.
Magnetic Ink Card Reader (MICR)
MICR input device is generally used in banks as
there are large number of cheques to be processed
every day. The bank's code number and cheque
number are printed on the cheques with a special
type of ink that contains particles of magnetic
material that are machine readable.
This reading process is called Magnetic Ink
Character Recognition (MICR). The main
advantages of MICR is that it is fast and less
error prone.
Optical Character Reader (OCR)
OCR is an input device used to read a printed
text.
OCR scans the text optically, character by
character, converts them into
readable a machine code, and
system memory. stores the text
on the
Bar Code Readers
Bar Code Reader is a device used for reading
bar coded data (data in the form of light and dark
lines). Bar coded data is generally used in
labelling goods, numbering the books, etc. It
may be a handheld scanner or may be
embedded in a stationary scanner..
Bar Code Reader scans a bar code image,
converts it into an alphanumeric value, which is
then fed to the computer that the bar code
reader is connected to.
Optical Mark Reader (OMR)
OMR is a special type of optical scanner used
to recognize the type of mark made by pen or
pencil. It is used where one out of a few
alternatives is to be selected and marked.
It is specially used for checking the answer
sheets of examinations having multiple choice
questions.
OUTPUT DEVICE

● Monitors
● Graphic Plotter
● Printer

Monitors
Monitors, commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDU), are the main output device of a
computer. It forms images from tiny dots, called pixels that are arranged in a rectangular form. The
sharpness of the image depends upon the number of pixels.
There are two kinds of viewing screen used for monitors.
● Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT)
● Flat-Panel Display
Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor
The CRT display is made up of small picture elements called pixels.
The smaller the pixels, the better the image clarity or resolution. It
takes more than one illuminated pixel to form a whole character, such
as the letter ‘e’ in the word help.
A finite number of characters can be displayed on a screen at once.
The screen can be divided into a series of character boxes - fixed
location on the screen where a standard character can be placed. Most
screens are capable of displaying 80 characters of data horizontally
and 25 lines vertically.
There are some disadvantages of CRT −
● Large in Size
● High power consumption
Flat-Panel Display Monitor
The flat-panel display refers to a class of video devices that have
reduced volume, weight and power requirement in comparison to
the CRT. You can hang them on walls or wear them on your wrists.
Current uses of flat-panel displays include calculators, video
games, monitors, laptop computer, and graphics display.
The flat-panel display is divided into two categories −
● Emissive Displays − Emissive displays are devices that
convert electrical energy into light. For example, plasma panel
and LED (Light-Emitting Diodes).
● Non-Emissive Displays − Non-emissive displays use optical
effects to convert sunlight or light from some other source into
graphics patterns. For example, LCD (Liquid-Crystal
Device).
Printers
Printer is an output device, which is used to print information on
paper. There are two types of printers −
● Impact Printers
● Non-Impact Printers

Impact Printers
Impact printers print the characters by striking them on the ribbon, which is then pressed on the
paper. Characteristics of Impact Printers are the following −
● Very low consumable costs
● Very noisy
● Useful for bulk printing due to low cost
● There is physical contact with the paper to produce an image
These printers are of two types −
● Character printers
● Line printers
Character Printers

Character printers are the printers which print one character at a time. These are further
divided into two types:
● Dot Matrix Printer(DMP)
● Daisy Wheel
Dot Matrix Printer
In the market, one of the most popular printers is Dot Matrix
Printer. These printers are popular because of their ease of printing
and economical price. Each character printed is in the form of
pattern of dots and head consists of a Matrix of Pins of size (5*7,
7*9, 9*7 or 9*9) which come out to form a character which is why
it is called Dot Matrix Printer.
Advantages
● Inexpensive
● Widely Used
● Other language characters can be printed
Disadvantages
● Slow Speed
● Poor Quality
Daisy Wheel
Head is lying on a wheel and pins corresponding to characters
are like petals of Daisy (flower) which is why it is called Daisy
Wheel Printer. These printers are generally used for word-
processing in offices that require a few letters to be sent here
and there with very nice quality.
Advantages
● More reliable than DMP
● Better quality
● Fonts of character can be easily changed
Disadvantages
● Slower than DMP
● Noisy
● More expensive than DMP
Line Printers
Line printers are the printers which print one line at a
time. These are of two types −
● Drum Printer
● Chain Printer
Drum Printer
This printer is like a drum in shape hence it is called drum printer. The surface of the drum
is divided into a number of tracks. Total tracks are equal to the size of the paper, i.e. for a
paper width of 132 characters, drum will have 132 tracks. A character set is embossed on the
track. Different character sets available in the market are 48 character set, 64 and 96
characters set. One rotation of drum prints one line. Drum printers are fast in speed and can
print 300 to 2000 lines per minute.
Advantages
●Very high speed
Disadvantages
● Very expensive
● Characters fonts
Chain Printer
In this printer, a chain of character sets is used, hence it is called Chain Printer.
A standard character set may have 48, 64, or 96 characters.
Advantages
● Character fonts can easily be changed.
● Different languages can be used with the same printer.
Disadvantages
● Noisy
Non-impact Printers
Non-impact printers print the characters without using the ribbon. These
printers print a complete page at a time, thus they are also called as Page
Printers.
These printers are of two types −
● Laser Printers
● Inkjet Printers
Characteristics of Non-impact Printers
● Faster than impact printers
● They are not noisy
● High quality
● Supports many fonts and different character size
Laser Printers
These are non-impact page printers. They use laser lights to
produce the dots needed to form the characters to be
printed on a page.
Advantages
● Very high speed
● Very high quality output
● Good graphics quality
● Supports many fonts and different character size
Disadvantages
● Expensive
● Cannot be used to produce multiple copies of a
document in a single printing
Inkjet Printers
Inkjet printers are non-impact character printers based on a relatively
new technology. They print characters by spraying small drops of ink
onto paper. Inkjet printers produce high quality output with presentable
features.
They make less noise because no hammering is done and these have
many styles of printing modes available. Color printing is also
possible. Some models of Inkjet printers can produce multiple copies
of printing also.
Advantages
● High quality printing
● More reliable
Disadvantages
● Expensive as the cost per page is high
● Slow as compared to laser printer
Programming Language
A programming language is a formal language comprising a set of instructions that produce
various kinds of output. Programming languages are used in computer programming to implement
algorithms. Most programming languages consist of instructions for computers.

1) Python

Created: Python language developed by Guido van Rossum. It was first released in 1991.

Pros:
•Supports multiple systems and platforms
•Object-Oriented Programming (OOPs) driven.
•Helps to improve Programmer's Productivity
•Allows you to scale even the most complex applications with ease
•Extensive Support Libraries
Cons:
•Note ideal for Mobile Computing
•Python's database access layer is bit underdeveloped and primitive.
•Usage/Application: Web and Internet Development, Scientific and Numeric applications, Desktop GUIs, Business
applications. It is widely used in AI and Machine Learning space.
2) Java

Created: James Gosling primarily designed Java at Sun Microsystems in the year 1996
Pro.
Object- Oriented language
Java offers APIs for different activities like Database connection, networking, XML parsing,
utilities, etc.
Powerful open source Rapid Development tools
A large number of open source libraries
Cons.
Memory management in Java is quite expensive
The absence of templates can limit you to create high-quality data structures.
Usage/Application: Java mostly used for developing Android apps, web apps, and Big data.
3) R

Created: R was designed by Robert Gentleman and Ross Ihaka at the University of Auckland. This
project was conceived in 1992, but it's initial version released in 1995 and a stable beta version in
2000.
Pros:
R is a comprehensive statistical analysis language which encourages you to develop new ideas
As a statistical language which is considered to be very easy to code
R is open-source software. Therefore, anyone can use and change it
R is good for GNU/Linux and Microsoft Windows.
R is cross-platform which means it can seamlessly run on different operating systems.
Cons:
In R, quality of some packages is not up to the mark
R does not have the best memory management. Therefore, it may consume all available memory.
Usage/Application: Data Science projects, Statistical computing, Machine learning
4) Javascript

Created: JavaScript was earlier called LiveScript when it first shipped in with Netscape Navigator
2.0 in September 1995. Later, it was renamed as a JavaScript.
Pros:
Client-side JavaScript is very fast as it can be run quickly in the client-side browser
JavaScript is relatively simple to learn.
It can work smoothly with other languages and can be used in a huge variety of applications.
Grease monkey support to write snippets of JavaScript which can execute on specific web pages
Cons:
JavaScript only allows single inheritance, so multiple inheritances are not possible
No copy or equal method is available in JavaScript.
JavaScript interpreted differently by different browsers.
Usage/ Applications: JavaScript usage include web/mobile app development, game development,
and desktop app development.
5) Swift
Created: Swift was developed by Apple in July 2010 so that iOS developers do not need to
work with Objective-C.
Pros:
The Swift program codes are near to natural English, so it is easy to read
Easy to add new features to this language which makes swift high- level language
The language does not have long code line.
Automatic Memory Management feature prevents the memory leaks.
Cons:
With the continues updating of swift versions of Apple, Swift is somewhat unstable
As it is a new programming language the pool of Swift developers is very limited
Usage applications:
Swift is specially designed language which works with Apple's Cocoa and Cocoa Touch
frameworks to create all types of iOS apps.
6) C++

Created:
C++ is a programming language that was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1983.
Pros:
It is a popular language, and thus, there are many compilers and libraries
Other programming languages like C, C#, and Java have very similar syntax to C++, make it easy to learn for everyone
who knows C++.
No garbage collector is running in the background.
Cons
The syntax is complex, and the standard library is small, making this language very difficult to learn for the beginner
programmer.
C++ program can't support garbage collection or Dynamic Memory Allocation
The object orientation system in C++ is unnecessarily basic compared to other languages.
Usage applications: C++ is widely used in Game Development, Advance Computations, and Graphics Compilers
7) C#

Created:
C# is a computer programming language. It's the first version released in 2001.
Pros:
C# uses almost similar syntax which follows by C so it easy to understand for those who know C language
Easy Integration with Windows
Fully integrated with the .NET library which provides access to a repository of functionality and support.
Safer than its namesakes (C/++) as pointer types are not permitted
Cons:
It allows pointers in 'unsafe' blocks
Usage applications: Widely used in Enterprise Cross-Applications Development, Web Applications
8) PHP

Created:
Rasmus Lerdorf created PHP in 1994
Pros:
Running with PHP is simple
Functional and Object-Oriented Programming
Large Open Source Software Community
A reasonably good system of automation tools available for testing and deploying
Cons:
Error handling facility is poor as PHP lacks debugging tool
PHP is not secure as it is one of the open source languages
Developing a website with PHP Web Development is slower than other programming languages.
Usage applications: Web Applications, Content Management Systems, eCommerce Applications
9) SQL

Created: SQL was developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce. This language was made
available publicly in 1979.
Pros:
Powerful query language
Optimised for large numbers of table rows
Fast for searching and querying of data
High availability and consistency of data
Fast for retrieving data from multiple tables
Cons:
Difficult to convert data from Objects into database tables
It can only run on the single server, so increasing speed means upgrading hardware.
As SQL databases run on a single server so in case if the server stop working, then the database shouldn't be accessed
Usage applications: Used in Any Database
10) Go

Created: Go language which is also known as golang is developed at Google in 2009 by Robert Griesemer, Ken
Thompson, and Rob Pike.
Pros:
Go is a really fast language as it is compiled to machine code
Its syntax is small compared to other languages, and it's easy to learn.
Offers standard library to provide handy built-in functions for working with primitive types
Go makes concurrent programming easy.
Cons:
Poor Library Support
Interfaces Are Implicit
Fractured Dependency Management
Usage applications: Console utilities, GUI applications, and web applications
Types of Programming Languages

There are two types of programming languages, which can be categorized into the following
ways:
1. Low level language
a) Machine language (1GL)
b) Assembly language (2GL)
2. High level language
a) Procedural-Oriented language (3GL)
b) Problem-Oriented language (4GL)
c) Natural language (5GL)
1. Low level language

This language is the most understandable language used by computer to perform its operations.
It can be further categorized into:

a) Machine Language (1GL)

Machine language consists of strings of binary numbers (i.e. 0s and 1s) and it is the only one
language, the processor directly understands. Machine language has an Merits of very fast
execution speed and efficient use of primary memory.
Merits:
¨ It is directly understood by the processor so has faster execution time since the programs
written in this language need not to be tanslated.
¨ It doesn’t need larger memory.
Demerits:
¨ It is very difficult to program using 1GL since all the instructions are to be represented by 0s
and 1s.
¨ Use of this language makes programming time consuming.
¨ It is difficult to find error and to debug.
¨ It can be used by experts only.
b) Assembly Language

Assembly language is also known as low-level language because to design a program

programmer requires detailed knowledge of hardware specification. This language uses
mnemonics code (symbolic operation code like ‘ADD’ for addition) in place of 0s and 1s. The
program is converted into machine code by assembler. The resulting program is reffered to as an
object code.
Merits:
¨ It is makes programming easier than 1GL since it uses mnemonics code for programming.
Eg: ADD for addition, SUB for subtraction, DIV for division, etc.
¨ It makes programming process faster.
¨ Error can be identified much easily compared to 1GL.
¨ It is easier to debug than machine language.
Demerits:
¨ Programs written in this language is not directly understandable by computer so translaters
should be used.
¨ It is hardware dependent language so programmers are forced to think in terms of
computer’s architecture rather than to the problem being solved.
¨ Being machine dependent language, programs written in this language are very less or not
protable.
¨ Programmers must know its mnemonics codes to perform any task.
 2. High level language
Instructions of this language closely resembles to human language or English like words. It uses
mathematical notations to perform the task. The high level language is easier to learn. It
requires less time to write and is easier to maintain the errors. The high level language is
converted into machine language by one of the two different languages translator
programs; interpreter or compiler.

High level language can be further categorized as:

a) Procedural-Oriented language (3GL)
Procedural Programming is a methodology for modeling the problem being solved, by
determining the steps and the order of those steps that must be followed in order to reach a
desired outcome or specific program state. These languages are designed to express the logic
and the procedure of a problem to be solved. It includes languages such as Pascal, COBOL, C,
FORTAN, etc.
Merits:

¨ Because of their flexibility, procedural languages are able to solve a variety of problems.
¨ Programmer does not need to think in term of computer architecture which makes them
focused on the problem.
¨ Programs written in this language are portable.
Demerits:
b) Problem-Oriented language (4GL)

It allows the users to specify what the output should be, without describing all the
details of how the data should be manupulated to produce the result. This is one step ahead
from 3GL. These are result oriented and include database query language.
Eg: Visual Basic, C#, PHP, etc.
The objectives of 4GL are to:
Ø Increase the speed of developing programs.
Ø Minimize user’s effort to botain information from computer.
Ø Reduce errors while writing programs.

Merits:
¨ Programmer need not to think about the procedure of the program. So, programming is
much easier.

Demerits:
¨ It is easier but needs higher processor and larger memory.
¨ It needs to be translated therefore its execution time is more.
c) Natural language (5GL)

Natural language are stil in developing stage where we could write statrments that
would look like normal sentences.

Merits:
¨ Easy to program.
¨ Since, the program uses normal sentences, they are easy to understand.
¨ The programs designed using 5GL will have artificial intelligence (AI).
¨ The programs would be much more interactive and interesting.

Demerits:
¨ It is slower than previous generation language as it should be completely translated into
binary code which is a tedious task.
¨ Highly advanced and expensive electronic devices are required to run programs developed
in 5GL. Therefore, it is an expensive approach.
These are the different types of programming languages with their merits and demerits.