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CH 7

Chapter 7 discusses transmission media, dividing them into guided media (twisted-pair, coaxial, and fiber-optic cables) and unguided media (wireless communication). Guided media utilize physical conduits for signal transmission, while unguided media rely on electromagnetic waves. The chapter also highlights the advantages and disadvantages of fiber-optic cables and the characteristics of various wireless communication methods.

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2 views44 pages

CH 7

Chapter 7 discusses transmission media, dividing them into guided media (twisted-pair, coaxial, and fiber-optic cables) and unguided media (wireless communication). Guided media utilize physical conduits for signal transmission, while unguided media rely on electromagnetic waves. The chapter also highlights the advantages and disadvantages of fiber-optic cables and the characteristics of various wireless communication methods.

Uploaded by

alsaydia1
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 7

Transmission Media

7.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Figure 7.1 Transmission medium and physical layer

7.2
Figure 7.2 Classes of transmission media

7.3
7-1 GUIDED MEDIA

Guided media, which are those that provide a conduit


from one device to another, include twisted-pair cable,
coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable,

Topics discussed in this section:


Twisted-Pair Cable
Coaxial Cable
Fiber-Optic Cable

7.4
 A signal traveling along any of these media
is directed and contained by the physical
limits of the medium.

 Twisted-pair and coaxial cables use


metallic (copper) conductors that accept and
transport signals in the form of electric
current.

 Optical fiber is a cable that accepts and


transports signals in the form of light.

7.5
Figure 7.3 Twisted-pair cable

 One of the wires is used to carry signals to the


receiver, and the other is used only as a ground
reference

7.6
Figure 7.4 UTP and STP cables

7.7
Table 7.1 Categories of unshielded twisted-pair cables

7.8
Figure 7.5 UTP connector

7.9
Figure 7.6 UTP performance

7.10
UTP Straight-through Cable

5.11
UTP Cross-over Cable

5.12
Straight- or Crossover

Use straight-through cables for the following cabling:


• Switch to router
• Switch to PC or server
• Hub to PC or server

Use crossover cables for the following cabling:


• Switch to switch
• Switch to hub
• Hub to hub
• Router to router
• PC to PC
• Router to PC

5.13
Straight- or Crossover

5.14
Straight- or Crossover

5.15
Figure 7.7 Coaxial cable

7.16
Table 7.2 Categories of coaxial cables

7.17
Figure 7.8 BNC connectors

7.18
Figure 7.9 Coaxial cable performance

7.19
Figure 7.10 Fiber optics: Bending of light ray

7.20
Figure 7.11 Optical fiber

7.21
Figure 7.12 Propagation modes

7.22
Figure 7.13 Modes

7.23
Table 7.3 Fiber types

7.24
Figure 7.14 Fiber construction

7.25
Figure 7.15 Fiber-optic cable connectors

7.26
Figure 7.16 Optical fiber performance

7.27
Advantages:
Fiber-optic cable has several advantages over
metallic cable (twisted-pair or coaxial).

• Higher bandwidth.
• Less signal attenuation.
• Immunity to electromagnetic interference.
• Resistance to corrosive materials.
• Lightweight. Fiber-optic cables are much lighter than
copper cables.
• Greater immunity to tapping.

7.28
Disadvantages
There are some disadvantages in the
use of optical fiber.

•Installation and maintenance.

•Unidirectional light propagation.

•Cost.

7.29
7.30
7.31
7.32
7.33
7.34
7-2 UNGUIDED MEDIA: WIRELESS

Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves


without using a physical conductor. This type of
communication is often referred to as wireless
communication.

Topics discussed in this section:


Radio Waves
Microwaves
Infrared

7.35
Figure 7.17 Electromagnetic spectrum for wireless communication

7.36
Figure 7.18 Propagation methods

7.37
Figure 7.19 Wireless transmission waves

7.38
Note

Radio waves are used for multicast


communications, such as radio and
television, and paging systems. They
can penetrate through walls.
Highly regulated. Use omni directional
antennas

7.39
Figure 7.20 Omnidirectional antenna

7.40
Note

Microwaves are used for unicast


communication such as cellular
telephones, satellite networks,
and wireless LANs.
Higher frequency ranges cannot
penetrate walls.
Use directional antennas - point to point
line of sight communications.
7.41
Figure 7.21 Unidirectional antennas

7.42
Note

Infrared signals can be used for short-


range communication in a closed area
using line-of-sight propagation.

7.43
Wireless Channels
 Are subject to a lot more errors than
guided media channels.
 Interference is one cause for errors, can
be circumvented with high SNR.
 The higher the SNR the less capacity is
available for transmission due to the
broadcast nature of the channel.
 Channel also subject to fading and no
coverage holes.

7.44

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