MODES

OF
NETWORKING
 Modes Of Network
THERE ARE TWO MODES OF NETWORK THEY ARE :

 WIRED MODE

 WIRELESS MODE
WIRED MODE
 TYPES OF WIRED MODES

THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF WIRED MODES THEY ARE :

COAXIAL WIRES

TWISTED WIRES

OPTICAL FIBER WIRES

Coaxial Cables
 Coaxial Cables
 A coax cable, or coaxial cable, is a heavy, durable cable used for various types of

residential and commercial installations. It is most familiar to many consumers as

the conduit that carries cable television signals into homes and businesses.

 A coaxial cable has an inner cable surrounded by an insulating agent, usually

lightweight plastic. A thin metal shield surrounds the insulator, with another

insulating and guard layer around the shield. This type of cable is flexible and can

run through a wide variety of spaces to deliver quality digital signals

 Types Of Coaxial Cables

There are five types of coaxial cables

 Hard Line Coaxial Cable
 RG-6 Coaxial Cable
 Semi-Rigid Coaxial Cable
 Tri-axial Cable
 Twin-Axial Cable
Hard Line Coaxial Cable
 Hard Line Coaxial Cable

Hard line cables are often used for high signal strength

applications, as with radio transmitters or other devices. Hard line

cables typically measure up to or more than 1/2 inch thick. For

heavy duty signal transmissions, a variety of popular brands are

available. Each of these produce many specialized types, with

varying properties and capacities.

RG6 Coaxial Cable
 RG6 Coaxial Cable
RG-6 is likely the most familiar coaxial cable on this list. Used for relaying cable
TV and other signals, "RG" stands for “radio guide” and references the capacity
of the cable. However, according to some consumer advocates, an RG rating does
not often accurately indicate the overall quality of the cable or the materials that
it is made with. Since RG-6 is used for high-definition signals, techs from cable
companies are often replacing RG-5 cables with RG-6 in clients' homes. As the
current standard, RG-6 is the desirable cable rating for today’s home and
commercial entertainment systems. RG-6 comes in several varieties, some of
which have more waterproofing for underwater or moisture prone areas of
installation.
Semi-rigid Coaxial Cable
 Semi-Rigid Coaxial Cable

 This type of coaxial cable has a harder shielding metal and is

therefore less flexible. It may be useful in situations where cables

do not have to curve around obstacles.

Tri-axial Cable
 Tri-axial Cable
 This extra-strength cable has an additional layer of shield to

discourage electromagnetic interference. It can be helpful in

conditions where the cable may be vulnerable to high-strength

electromagnetic forces.
Twin-axial Cable
 Twin-axial Cable
 This paired cable represents another alternative to conventional coaxial cables for a

number of different installation types.

Twisted Pair Wires
 Twisted Pair Wires
Twisted pair cabling is a type of wiring in which two conductors of a

single circuit are twisted together for the purposes of improving electromagnetic

compatibility. Compared to a single conductor or an untwisted balanced pair, a

twisted pair reduces electromagnetic radiation from the pair and crosstalk between

neighboring pairs and improves rejection of external electromagnetic interference. It

was invented by Alexander Graham Bell.

 Twisted Pair Wires
There are five types of twisted pairs they are :

 Analog telephone

 Building infrastructure

 Loaded

 Bonded

 Twisted ribbon cable

 Solid-core vs. stranded cable

Analog Telephone
 Analog Telephone
 Before digital communication and ethernet became widespread there was no international
standard for telephone cable. Standards were set at a national level. For instance, in the UK
the General Post Office specified CW1293 and CW1308 cables. CW1308 was a similar
specification to the earlier CW1293 but with an improved color code. CW1293 used mostly solid
colors on the cores making it difficult to identify the pair it was twisted with without stripping
back a large amount of sheath. CW1308 has narrow rings of the paired color printed over the
base color to solve this problem. Both cables are a similar standard to category 3 cable. [9]
 Prior to the common use of polyethylene and other plastics for insulation, telephone twisted pair
cable was insulated with waxed paper or cotton with a wax coating applied to the copper. The
overall sheath of this type of cable was usually lead. This style of cable came into use in the late
19th century shortly after the invention of the telephone.[10] The cable termination in termination
boxes were sealed with molten wax or epoxy resin to prevent the ingress of moisture which would
seriously degrade the insulating properties of the paper insulation. [11]However, such seals made
future maintenance and changes more difficult. These cables are no longer made, but are still
occasionally encountered in old buildings and in various external areas, commonly rural villages.
Building Infrastructure
Na
Typical
Building Infrastructure
Bandwid
constructio Applications Notes
me th
n
Lev Telephone and modem Not described in EIA/TIA recommendations. Unsuitable for modern
0.4 MHz
el 1 lines systems.
Lev Older terminal systems, Not described in EIA/TIA recommendations. Unsuitable for modern
4 MHz
el 2 e.g. IBM 3270 systems.
Cat Described in EIA/TIA-568. Unsuitable for speeds above 16 Mbit/s.
UTP 16 MHz 10BASE-T / 100BASE-T4
3 Now mainly for telephone cables
Cat
UTP 20 MHz 16 Mbit/s Token Ring Not commonly used
4

Cat Common for current LANs. Superseded by Cat5e, but most Cat5
UTP 100 MHz 100BASE-TX / 1000BASE-T
5 cables meet Cat5e standards. Limited to 100m between equipment.

Enhanced Cat5. Common for current LANs. Same construction as

Cat
UTP,STP 100 MHz 1000BASE-T / 2.5GBASE-T Cat5, but with better testing standards. Limited to 100m between
5e
equipment.
ISO/IEC 11801 2nd Ed. (2002), ANSI/TIA 568-B.2-1. Most commonly
Cat
UTP,STP 250 MHz 5GBASE-T / 10GBASE-T installed cable in Finland according to the 2002 standard EN 50173-
6
1. Limited to 55M distance at 10GBASE-T
Improved standards, tested to 500 MHz Full 100M distance at
Cat UTP, F/UTP,
500 MHz 5GBASE-T / 10GBASE-T 10GBASE-T ISO/IEC 11801 2nd Ed. Am. 2. (2008), ANSI/TIA-568-C.1
6A U/FTP
(2009)
5GBASE-T / 10GBASE-
Cat Fully shielded cable. ISO/IEC 11801 2nd Ed. (2002). It is not
S/FTP, F/FTP 600 MHz T or POTS/CATV/1000BASE-
7 recognized by the EIA/TIA.
T over single cable
5GBASE-T / 10GBASE-T
Cat Uses all four pairs. ISO/IEC 11801 2nd Ed. Am. 2. (2008). It is not
S/FTP, F/FTP 1000 MHz or POTS/CATV/1000BASE-
7A recognized by the EIA/TIA.
T over single cable
Cat
8/8. F/UTP, U/FTP 2000 MHz 25GBASE-T / 40GBASE-T ANSI/TIA-568-C.2-1, ISO/IEC 11801-1:2017
Loaded
 Loaded
A loaded twisted pair has intentionally added inductance and was
formerly common practice on telecommunication lines. The added
inductors are known as load coils and reduce attenuation
for voiceband frequencies but increase it on higher frequencies.
Load coils reduce distortion in voiceband on very long lines.[16] In
this context a line without load coils is referred to as an unloaded
line.
Bonded
 Bonded
A bonded twisted pair is a construction variant in which the two wires
of each pair are bonded together for the length of the cable. Pioneered
by Belden, it is intended to help assure configuration consistency
during and after installation. One key benefit is that the noise immunity
performance of the cable can be protected despite potentially rough
handling. This may not be necessary and it could have detrimental
effects in applications which require flexible cable.
Twisted ribbon cable
 Twisted ribbon cable

A twisted ribbon cable is a variant of standard ribbon cable in

which adjacent pairs of conductors are bonded and twisted

together. The twisted pairs are then lightly bonded to each other in

a ribbon format. Periodically along the ribbon there are short

sections with no twisting to enable connectors and PCBheaders to

be terminated using the usual ribbon cable IDC techniques.[19]

Solid-core vs. stranded cable
 Solid-core vs. stranded cable
 A solid-core cable uses one solid wire per conductor and in a four pair cable
there would be a total of eight solid wires.[13] Stranded conductor uses
multiple wires wrapped around each other in each conductor and in a four
pair with seven strands per conductor cable, there would be a total of 56
wires (2 per pair × 4 pairs × 7 strands). [13]
 Solid core cable is intended for permanently installed runs (permanent link).
It is less flexible than stranded cable and is more prone to failure if
repeatedly flexed. Stranded cable is used for fly leads at patch panel and for
connections from wall-ports to end devices (patch cord or drop cable), as it
resists cracking of the conductors.
 Connectors are designed differently for solid core than for stranded. Use of a
connector with the wrong cable type can lead to unreliable cabling. Plugs
designed for solid and stranded core are readily available, and some vendors
even offer plugs designed for use with both types. The punch-down blocks on
patch-panel and wall-port jacks are designed for use with solid core cable,
these work via a method known as insulation-displacement which pierces the
sides of the insulation and "bites" in to the copper conductor to form a
Optical Fibre Cable
 Optical Fibre Cable
 An optical fiber cable, also known as a fiber optic cable, is an assembly similar to

an electrical cable, but containing one or more optical fibers that are used to carry

light. The optical fiber elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers

and contained in a protective tube suitable for the environment where the cable will be

deployed. Different types of cable are used for different applications, for example long

distance telecommunication, or providing a high-speed data connection between

different parts of a building.

Optical Fibre Cable
 Optical Fibre Cable
Coupling No. Typical
Fiber Type Polish Comment
Type of Fibre's Applications

Single mode
ST Twist on PC, UPC 1 LANs
/Multimode

Single mode Datacom,

FC Screw on PC, UPC, APC 1
/Multimode Telecommunications

CATV,
Single mode
SC Snap on PC, UPC, APC 1 Test
/Multimode
Equipment

Gigabit
Snap on Single mode
LC PC, UPC, APC 1 Ethernet, Video
RJ45 style /Multimode
Multimedia

Single mode Medical,

MU Push/Pull PC, UPC, APC 1
/Multimode Military

Gigabit Ethernet, Asynchrones

Snap on Single mode
MT-RJ N/A 2 Transmission
RJ45 style /Multimode
Mode (ATM)

Active Device
4, 8,
MPO Single mode Transceiver,
Push/Pull N/A 12, 16,
(MTP) /Multimode Interconnections for
 Wireless Modes
There are five types of wireless modes they
are:
 Wireless Router
 Wireless Adapters
 Wireless Repeater
 Wireless phones
 Other devices
Wireless Router
 Wireless Router
 A wireless router is a device that accepts an incoming Internet

connection and sends data as RF signals to other wireless devices

that are near the router. Wireless routers are used to connect

wireless-enabled computers and other devices to the Internet. A

network set up with a wireless router is sometimes called a

wireless local area network (WLAN.). Many routers have built-in

security features such as firewalls which help protect devices

connected to the router against malicious data, such as computer

Wireless Adapters
 Wireless Adapters
 Wireless adapters are hardware devices installed inside computers that enable wireless

connectivity. If a computer does not have a wireless adapter, it will not be able to

connect to a router in order to access the Internet. Some computers have wireless

adapters built directly into the motherboard while it is also possible to install stand-

alone wireless adapters to add wireless capability to a computer that did not come with

an adapter built in.

Wireless Repeater
 Wireless Repeater
A wireless repeater is a wireless networking device that is used

to extend the range of a router. A repeater receives wireless

signals and then re-emits them with increased strength. By

placing a repeater between a router and the computer connected

to the router, signal strength can be boosted, resulting in faster

connection speeds.
Wireless Phones
 Wireless Phones
Cellular and cordless phones are two more examples of device that make use of wireless

signals. Cordless phones have a limited range, but cell phones typically have a much

larger range than local wireless networks, since cell phone providers use large

telecommunication towers to provide cell phone coverage. Satellite phones make use of

signals from satellites to communicate, similar to Global Positioning System (GSP)

devices.
 Other Devices
Anything that uses radio signals to communicate can be considered a wireless device.

Common devices, such as garage door openers, baby monitors, certain video game

consoles and walkie-talkies, make use of wireless technology.

• Examples: infrared controls , wireless joy sticks , walkie-talkies , Bluetooth etc.,

Infrared Devices
 Infrared Devices
 The dominant remote-control technology in home-theater applications is infrared (IR).
Infrared light is also known as plain-old "heat." The basic premise at work in an IR
remote control is the use of light to carry signals between a remote control and the
device it's directing. Infrared light is in the invisible portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum.

 An IR remote control (the transmitter) sends out pulses of infrared light that represent
specific binary codes. These binary codes correspond to commands, such as Power
On/Off and Volume Up. The IR receiver in the TV, stereo or other device decodes the
pulses of light into the binary data (ones and zeroes) that the device's microprocessor
can understand. The microprocessor then carries out the corresponding command.
Bluetooth
 Bluetooth
 Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data between fixed and mobile
devices over short distances using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the industrial,
scientific and medical radio bands, from 2.400 to 2.485 GHz, and building personal area
networks (PANs). It was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data
cables.

 Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), which has more than
30,000 member companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, and
consumer electronics. The IEEE standardized Bluetooth as IEEE 802.15.1, but no longer
maintains the standard. The Bluetooth SIG oversees development of the specification,
manages the qualification program, and protects the trademarks. A manufacturer must
meet Bluetooth SIG standards to market it as a Bluetooth device. A network of patents
Joystick
 Joystick
 A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle
or direction to the device it is controlling. A joystick, also known as the control column, is
the principal control device in the cockpit of many civilian and military aircraft, either as
a center stick or side-stick. It often has supplementary switches to control various aspects
of the aircraft's flight.

 Joysticks are often used to control video games, and usually have one or more push-
buttons whose state can also be read by the computer. A popular variation of the joystick
used on modern video game consoles is the analog stick. Joysticks are also used for
controlling machines such as cranes, trucks, underwater unmanned vehicles, wheelchairs,
surveillance cameras, and zero turning radius lawn mowers. Miniature finger-operated
joysticks have been adopted as input devices for smaller electronic equipment such as
mobile phones.
Walkie-talkie
 Walkie-talkie
 A walkie-talkie (more formally known as a handheld transceiver, or HT) is a hand-held, portable, two-
way radio transceiver. Its development during the Second World War has been variously credited to
Donald L. Hinges, radio engineer Alfred J. Gross, and engineering teams at Motorola. First used for
infantry, similar designs were created for field artillery and tank units, and after the war, walkie-
talkies spread to public safety and eventually commercial and jobsite work.

 Typical walkie-talkies resemble a telephone handset, with a speaker built into one end and a
microphone in the other (in some devices the speaker also is used as the microphone) and an antenna
mounted on the top of the unit. They are held up to the face to talk. A walkie-talkie is a half-duplex
communication device. Multiple walkie-talkies use a single radio channel, and only one radio on the
channel can transmit at a time, although any number can listen. The transceiver is normally in receive
mode; when the user wants to talk they must press a "push-to-talk" (PTT) button that turns off the
receiver and turns on the transmitter.