Internet Protocol Address

(IP Address)
a presentation by K.V.S.SARAN
 Internet Protocol address
(IP address)
 An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to
a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves has two main
functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing.

 There are two versions in Internet protocol they are : IPv4 and IPv6

 Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) defines an IP address as a 32-bit number. However, because of the growth
of the Internet and the depletion of available IPv4 addresses, a new version of IP (IPv6), using 128 bits for the
IP address, was developed in 1995, and standardized in December 1998. In July 2017, a final definition of the
protocol was published. IPv6 deployment has been ongoing since the mid-2000s.
 Internet Protocol address
(IP address)
 IP addresses are usually written and displayed in human-readable notations, such as 172.16.254.1 in IPv4,
and 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1in IPv6. The size of the routing prefix of the address is designated in CIDR
notation by suffixing the address with the number of significant bits, e.g., 192.168.1.15/24, which is equivalent
to the historically used subnet mask 255.255.255.0.

 The IP address space is managed globally by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), and by
five regional Internet registries(RIRs) responsible in their designated territories for assignment to end users
and local Internet registries, such as Internet service providers. IPv4 addresses have been distributed by IANA
to the RIRs in blocks of approximately 16.8 million addresses each. Each ISP or private network administrator
assigns an IP address to each device connected to its network. Such assignments may be on a static (fixed or
permanent) or dynamic basis, depending on its software and practices.
 Internet Protocol address VERSION 4
(IP V4)
 An IPv4 address has a size of 32 bits, which limits the address space to 4294967296 (232)
addresses. Of this number, some addresses are reserved for special purposes such as private
networks (~18 million addresses) and multicast addressing (~270 million addresses).

 IPv4 addresses are usually represented in dot-decimal notation, consisting of four decimal
numbers, each ranging from 0 to 255, separated by dots, e.g., 172.16.254.1. Each part
represents a group of 8 bits (an octet) of the address. In some cases of technical
writing,IPv4 addresses may be presented in various hexadecimal , octal , or binary
representations.
Internet Protocol address VERSION 4
(IP V4)
Internet Protocol address VERSION 4
(IP V4)
 Internet Protocol address VERSION 4
(IP V4)
This version was been classified into 5 types or 5 classes they are :
 Class A
 Class B
THESE ARE FOR NORMAL USE
 Class C
 Class D

THESE ARE FOR MILLETRY AND NASA ONLY
Class E
 Class A
 IN
CLASS A THE PATTERN OF THE IP ADDRESS IS IN THE
FOLLOWING FORMAT :
 Class A
Class A addresses are in the range of

0-127 / 0-255 . 0-255 . 0-255

 Number of networking address bits are : 8 bits

 Number of host address bits are : 24 bits

 Number of network addresses are : 128-2 =126 ( n u m b e r o f s a l e s )

 Number of host addresses are : 256*256*256 = 1,67,77,216 -2 = 1,67,77,214

( Number of users that can be accessed to single IP)

 Class A
Above we reduced 2 from network address because :

1.Zero is unused digit

2. 127 is an loop back adaptor which can be used for blocking sight and checking
the lan connector

( Process to check the lan connector

START RUN ping.127:1.1.1.1-t
If we get display 1.Reply from ( lan connector is working )

2.Request timeout (lan connector is not working )

3.Hardware error( lan connector is not working )

 Class A
 Above we reduced 2 from hosting address because :
 While representing the IP address we give :

• 127.0.0.0
127.
• 127.0.0.1
0.0. • 127.0.0.2 and so on 127.0.0.225
0

• 127.0.1.1
127.
• 127.0.1.2
0.1. • 127.0.1.3 and so on 127.0.1.225
0

So • 127.0.255.1
 on
So
till we •reduce
127.0.255.2
2 from the hosting address
• 127.0.255.3 and so on 127.0.255.255
127.
0.25
5.0
 Class B
IN CLASS B THE PATTERN OF THE IP ADDRESS IS IN THE
FOLLOWING FORMAT :
 Class B
Class A addresses are in the range of

128-191 . 0-255 / 0-255 . 0-255

 Number of networking address bits are : 16 bits

 Number of host address bits are : 16 bits

 Number of network addresses are : 64*256 = 16,384 ( n u m b e r o f s a l e s )

( H E R E 6 4 I N D I C AT E S 1 9 1 - 1 2 8 = 6 3 + 1 = 6 4 )

 Number of host addresses are : 256*256 = 65,536 -2 = 65,534 ( N u m b e r o f u s e r s t h a t c a n b e

accessed to single IP)
 Class C
IN CLASS B THE PATTERN OF THE IP ADDRESS IS IN THE
FOLLOWING FORMAT :
 Class C
Class A addresses are in the range of

192-223 . 0-255 . 0-255 / 0-255

 Number of networking address bits are : 24 bits
 Number of host address bits are : 8 bits

 Number of network addresses are : 32*256*256 = 20,97,152 ( number of sales )

(HEER 32 INDICATES 223 - 192 = 31+1 = 32)

 Number of host addresses are : 256 -2 = 254

( Number of users that can be accessed to single IP)

 Private IP Addresses
Most organizations have far more computers than available IP addresses. Using private IP
addresses helps to tackle this issue by allowing companies to have a single Internet gateway with
a public IP address. All of the other nodes have private IP addresses. The gateway uses a
Network Address Translation (NAT) server to translate the private IP addresses to an address that
can be routed across the Internet.
ICANN has reserved sets of IP numbers for private use on the three classes of address. Notice
how the recommendation includes non-standard subnet masks for class B and class C private IP
ranges.
Private Address Ranges for class A, B and C networks
Class Private IP Address Range Subnet Mask
A 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 255.0.0.0
B 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 255.255.0.0
C 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 255.255.0.0
 IPv4 Address Classes
In the early days of the Internet, the IANA (Internet Assigned
Numbers Authority) defined five classes of public IP addresses
as shown below.
Ipv4 Address Classes
Class Theoretical Address Range Binary Start Used for
A 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 0 Very large networks
B 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255 10 Medium networks
C 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255 110 Small networks
D 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 1110 Multicast
E 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 1111 Experimental
 Static versus Dynamic Addressing
 Static IP Addresses :
A static IP address is where each node on an IP based network is manually given its own unique IP address. The main
problems with this approach are
Ensuring every node has it's own unique address
Running out of available IP addresses

 Dynamic IP Addresses :
A dynamic IP address is one that is assigned automatically by a DHCP server to each node when it connects to the network.
This method greatly simplifies the process of assigning IP addresses and helps to make more efficient use of available IP
addresses.

 DHCP :
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is the set of rules that allows client nodes such as computers, routers and printers to
request IP addresses from a DHCP server. In fact they can also request other network values such as default gateway
addresses and subnet mask values. This helps to ensure that every client is set up correctly with a unique IP address.