INTRODUCTIO

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COMPUTER
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DPTSCIENCE
1 year- Semester 1
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 What is Computer
Science?
Computer science is the study

conten
of computers
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and computing as well as their
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theoretical
and practical applications. Computer
science applies the principles
of mathematics,
engineering, and logic to excess of
functions,
including algorithm formulation, softwa
re
 • COMPUTER
SYSTEM
It is a collection of
entities(hardware, software and
liveware) that are designed to
receive, process, manage and
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• Computing
Computing is any activity that uses
computers to manage, process, and
communicate information. It
includes development of both
hardware and software
 • Personal Computing
Desktops, notebooks, smartphones and
tablets, are all examples of general-
purpose computers. A general-purpose
computer is made up of a central
processing unit, memory, input/output
devices and a bus connecting these
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• Client Server Computing
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Client-server is a relationship in which
one program (the client) requests a
service or resource from another
program (the server
• Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is on-demand access, via the
internet, to computing resources—applications,
servers (physical servers and virtual servers), data
storage, development tools, networking
capabilities, and more—hosted at a remote data
center managed by a cloud services provider (or
 Cloud
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What Actually A
Computer is ?

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COMPUTER

Computer is an electronic device that receive, store, process, and output

information.

A computer is a programmable machine. It allows the user to store all sorts of

information and then ‘process’ that information, or data, or carry out actions
with the information, such as calculating numbers or organizing words.

Computer can deal with numbers, text, images, graphics, and sound.

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 COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER

Memory (Main/ Secondary).

CPU (Central Processing
Unit) = ALU (Arithmetic and
Logic Unit) + CU (Control
Unit) + MU (Memory Unit).
I/O Devices.
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

•The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the

brain of the computer that executes
instructions and processes data.

•It performs calculations, logic operations,

and controls tasks within the computer.
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
•Performs mathematical operations (addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division).
•Handles logical operations (AND, OR, NOT,
comparisons).

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Memory Unit
•The Memory Unit is a part of the computer that stores data,
instructions, and processed information either temporarily or
permanently.
•It works with the CPU to quickly access and process data efficiently.

Types of Memory:
• Primary Memory (Volatile) – RAM, Cache (Temporary storage for
fast access).
• Secondary Memory (Non-Volatile) – HDD, SSD (Permanent
storage).
• ROM (Read-Only Memory) – Stores essential instructions for
booting the computer.

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Control Unit (CU)
•The Control Unit is the part of the CPU that manages all instructions
and ensures the proper flow of data.
•It coordinates between different components of the CPU (ALU,
Memory, Registers) and controls operations.

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INFORMATION PROCESSING
CYCLE
• If one must look at the information processing
cycle diagram, he will see that there are four
events in the sequence of events. The sequence
of events, which make up the information
processing cycle are:
 Input
 Processing
 Output
 Storage
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 INFORMATION PROCESSING CYCLE
• When we talk about information processing, we are talking about the change in
the information. There is a sequence of events involved, in which the information
is processed. There are four parts in the information processing cycle. This cycle
deals with the computer systems.
 Input
This is the first event in the cycle. This stage involves collection of data from the
outside or also from within the system. The input devices are many. The
commonly used input devices are computer keyboard, bar code readers, scanners,
output from another system, etc.
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 INFORMATION PROCESSING CYCLE
 Processing
In this stage the computer processes the minutest details entered. This processing makes
the data entered usable. The system used for processing, along with the data entered will
decide the kind of output, which the user will get.
 Output
If you must look at the diagram of information processing cycle, the step after processing
is the output stage. The processed information is now transmitted to the user. There are
different forms in which the output can be given to the user. There can be print report,
which may be given to the user. The output can also be given in the form of audio, video
as well. In some cases, the results may only be displayed on the computer monitor.

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INFORMATION PROCESSING CYCLE
 Storage
After the data has been processed, along
with the output to the user, the data is also
stored. Different computer storage
devices can be used for the same. Some of
the commonly used data storage methods
are disk storage, tertiary storage, etc.
Often the storage is done in both digital as
well as hard copy format. At the same time,
backup of the digital format is also 17
 What is the
difference
between data
and information
Which one is the computer?

Washing
Modern Airplane Machine
Computer

Workstation 19
 Data Information

Data refers to Information

raw facts that refers to
has no specific processed data
meaning that has a
purpose and
meaning
Data or raw The information
data is not is sufficient to
 Is a rock a computer?
 Does not act or
process
 Takes no input &

produces no output

 Computers must be able to

handle input and output
 Is a washing machine a
computer?
 Input: dirty
clothes
 Output:
clean clothes
 Does not
handle
 Computers input and information
output is information .
 Is a television set a
computer?
 Input: information from cables
or radio waves
 Output: information as sound
and picture
 Does not process information

 Computers process information by

computing new results and
answering queries  23
 Is a modern airplane a computer?

 Input: information from radio waves

 Output: manipulations to
the airplane
 Can only handle specific information
necessary for flight control

Computers are general purpose

because they can perform many
different tasks 24
 Is an ordinary calculator a
computer?
 Input: numbers and

mathematical operations
 Output: answer

 Handles any numeric task

 Cannot remember which

buttons are pressed

 Computers are programmable

so they can remember
 Definition of a
Computer:
 a general purpose,
 programmable,
 information processor
 with input and output

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 TYPES OF COMPUTERS
• Computers typically fall into two categories:

• General Purpose Computers

General-purpose computers are designed to solve a large variety of problems. That is
they can be given different programs to solve different types of problems. General-
purpose computers can process business data as readily as they process complex
mathematical formulas. General-purpose computers can store large amount of data
and the programs necessary to process them. Because general-purpose computers are
so versatile, most businesses today use them. Most digital computers are general
computers, and it is mainly such computers that are used in business and commercial
data processing.

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TYPES OF COMPUTERS

• Special purpose computers

• Special purpose computers are designed to solve a specific problems;
the computer program for solving the problem is built right into
the computer. Special purpose computers have many features of
general-purpose computers but are designed to handle specific
problems and are not applied to other computerized activities. For
example, special purpose computers may be designed to process only
numeric data or to completely control automated manufacturing
processes. Moat analogue computers are special purpose computers.

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 ELEMENTS OF COMPUTING
• These are some basic elements of computing.
• ALGORITHM: An algorithm is a list of rules to follow in order to solve a
problem.
• DATA STRUCTURE: A data structure is a specialized format for organizing and
storing data. General data structure types include the array, the file, the record,
the table, the tree, and so on. Any data structure is designed to organize data to
suit a specific purpose so that it can be accessed and worked with in appropriate
ways. In computer programming, a data structure may be selected or designed to
store data for the purpose of working on it with various algorithms.
• IMPLEMENTATION: To implement an algorithm means to code it in a
programming language so that it can run on a computer.
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 Any
Questions