COMPUTER NETWORK

COMPUTER NETWORK
• A computer network is a collection of interconnected computers and
other

devices to share data and other resources (hardware and software

resources).

• Two computers or devices are said to be interconnected if they are

capable of

sharing and exchanging information with each other by following a

protocol (set
COMPUTER NETWORK
 ADVANTAGE OF COMPUTER
NETWORK
Networks have several advantages
•Resource Sharing: The primary use of a network is to share among
users
programs/applications, data and peripheral devices connected to the
network, irrespective of their physical location.

•Improved Communication : A computer network enables fast,

reliable and
secure communication between users. It saves time and offers easy
communication methods

•Reduced Cost : Sharing resources also reduces communication

 ADVANTAGE OF COMPUTER
NETWORK
•Reliability of Data: Reliability means backing up of data, i.e., data
can be copied and stored on multiple computers.

•Central Storage of Data :Files can be stored on a central node (the

file server) that can be shared and made available to each and every
user in an organization. With centralized processing, data is stored
and retrieved from a single central location. Thus, there is no
duplication of data and almost no data redundancy.
 EVOLUTION OF NETWORK
•ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network):
ARPANET, which was jointly designed and named by the Advanced
Research Projects Agency (ARPA) and US Department of Defence
(DoD), was the first network and came into existence in 1969.

•NSFNET (National Science Federation Network): In the mid-80’s,

another federal agency, NSFNET (National Science Federation
Network), created a new network which was more capable than
ARPANET. Its main aim was to use network only for academic research
and not for any private business activity.
 EVOLUTION OF NETWORK
•Internet : The computers are connected through World Wide Web
that comprises a large network and shares a common communication
protocol (Transmission Control Protocol-Internet Protocol, TCP/IP).

Network of networks makes the internet.

•Interspace : Interspace is a software that allows multiple users in a

client-server environment to communicate with each other by sending
and receiving data of various types such as data files, video, audio and
textual data in a 3-D environment.
 EVOLUTION OF NETWORK
ARPANET and NSFNET to make a more capable and broad network—
the Internet. It is the internet that links two or more networks to make a
large network for sharing of information and messages.

ARPANET + NSFNET + PRIVATE NETWORKS = INTERNET

Elementary Terminology of Networks
•Nodes (Workstations): The term node refers to computers that are attached to
a network
and are seeking to share resources.
• Server: A computer that facilitates the sharing of data, software and hardware
resources on
the network.
•Network Interface Unit (NIU) (MAC Address): A network interface unit is an
interpreter that helps in establishing communication between the server and
the client.
• IP Address: Every machine on a TCP bar/IP Network has a unique identifying
number
 Types Of Networks
Based on the geographical area covered and data transfer rate,
computer networks are broadly categorised as:

•PAN ( Personal Area Network)

•LAN (Local Area Network)

•MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

•WAN (Wide Area Network)

 PAN ( Personal Area Network)
PANs are small networks used to establish communication between a
computer and other handheld devices in the proximity of up to 10 metres.
A personal area network may be wired or wireless.

The network that belongs to a

single person or user is known
as PAN.
 Local Area Network (LAN)
LAN is a privately owned computer network covering a small geographical
area (small physical area), like a home, office or a building such as a school.
It can cover an area spread over a few metres to a radius of a few
kilometres (5 km to 10 km).

A LAN can be set up using wired media (UTP cables, coaxial cables, etc.) or
wireless media (Infrared, Radio waves). If a LAN is set up using unguided
media, it is known as WLAN (wireless LAN). The key purpose of a LAN is to
share resources. LAN users can share data, programs, printer, disk ,modem,
etc.
Data transfer rate speed over a Local Area Network can vary from 10 mbps to
Local Area Network (LAN)
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is an extended form of LAN
which covers a larger geographical area like a city or a town. Data
transfer rate in MAN also ranges in Mbps, but it is considerably less as
compared to LAN. Cable TV network or cable based broadband
internet services are examples of MAN. This kind of network can be
extended up to 30-40 km. Sometimes, many LANs are connected
together to form MAN.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
WAN is a telecommunication network. This type of network spreads
over a large geographical area across countries and continents. WANs
are generally used to interconnect several other types of networks such
as LANs, MANs, etc. They facilitate fast and efficient exchange of
information at a high speed and low cost. A WAN uses common carriers
like satellite systems, telephone lines, etc.

All types of communication media (guided and unguided) are used to set
up a WAN. The best known example of a WAN is the internet.
A WAN interconnects all the computers across the world.
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Characteristics of PANs, LANs, MANs and WANs
Components of Data Communication
A network comprises several components along with their
functionalities that contribute to its smooth functioning. To form a
network, a lot of hardware devices are required which are described as
follows
Components of Data Communication
Sender: A sender is a computer or any such device which is capable of
sending data over a network. It can be a computer, mobile phone, smart
watch, walkie-talkie, video recording device, etc.
Receiver: A receiver is a computer or any such device which is capable
of receiving data from the network. It can be any computer, printer,
laptop, mobile phone, television, etc. In computer communication, the
sender and receiver are known as nodes in a network.
Components of Data Communication
Message: It is the data or information that needs to be exchanged
between the sender and the receiver. Messages can be in the form of
text, number, image, audio, video, multimedia, etc.
Communication media: It is the path through which the message
travels between source and destination. It is also called medium or link
which is either wired or wireless
Protocols: It is a set of rules that need to be followed by the
communicating parties in order to have successful and reliable data
communication. You have already come across protocols such as
Ethernet and HTTP.
 Network Switching
The main goal of networking is the reliable exchange of data or
information among several interconnected nodes. For the delivery of
data with accuracy, various types of switching techniques are used,
namely:

• Circuit Switching

• Packet Switching

• Message Switching
 Circuit Switching
This provides end-to-end connection between two computers. Circuit switching is
established usually in a telephone network where one person is making a call
and another is receiving a call. In telephone system, the communication must be
established between the two participants, i.e., the sender and the receiver. The
circuit is established between these two participants before the transfer of data
takes place.
 Circuit Switching
In this technique, the entire link remains dedicated and no other user can
use it even if the path remains idle. The following actions take place during
circuit switching:

1. A request signal is sent by the sender to set up the connection with the
receiver. It
establishes a physical connection between the two participants.
2. All intermediate nodes are identified. These nodes are also called
switching nodes.
3. If the destination node is available, it sends back the acknowledgement
of receiving
 Packet Switching
In packet switching, each information or message to be transmitted between
sender and receiver is broken down into smaller pieces, called packets. These
packets are then transmitted independently through the network. Different
packets of the same message may take different routes depending on availability.
Each packet has two parts — a header containing the address of the destination
and other information, and the main message part. When all the packets reach
the destination, they are reassembled and the complete message is received by
the receiver.
Each packet is of a fixed size, usually 128 bytes or 512 bytes. Packet switching is
similar to post office operation. Each packet has a source address as well as
destination address (IP address) for being transmitted, in the same way as a
 Packet Switching
As there is no direct connection established between the sender and the receiver,
each packet
follows different routes and, therefore, the packets are delivered in a random
order at the
destination address. It is the TCP protocol which then arranges all received
packets in a sequential order.
 Message Switching
Message switching is a store and forward switching technique where there is no
direct connection between the sender and the receiver.
In message switching, the sender sends the data to a switching office first, which
is then stored in its buffer. It then checks the available link and if it is free, the
data is relayed to another switching office. This process goes on until the data is
sent to the destination (receiver).
Message Switching
DATA COMMUNICATION TERMINOLOGIES
Channel: A channel is a communication path through which the data
is transmitted from the sender device to the receiver device. The
capacity of a channel is the maximum amount of signals or traffic that
a channel can carry. It is measured in terms of bandwidth and data
transfer rate .
Bandwidth: The amount of data that can be passed along a
communication channel in a given period of time (1 second) is termed
as bandwidth. The measuring unit is hertz (Hz),
where 103 Hz = 1 Kilo Hertz (KHz),
103 KHz = 1 Mega Hertz (MHz).
DATA COMMUNICATION TERMINOLOGIES
Data and Signals: Information that is stored within computer
systems and transferred over a computer network can be divided into
two categories—data and signals. Data are entities that are stored in
the form of 0’s and 1’s, which convey some special meaning to the
computer system. When this data is transmitted from one place to
another, it is converted into signal. Signals are the electric or
electromagnetic encoding of data and are used to transmit data.
Communication/Transmission Media: Communication
media is the way of transmitting the signal from one place to
DATA COMMUNICATION TERMINOLOGIES
Data transfer rate : is the number of bits transmitted between
source and destination in one second. It is also known as bit rate. It is
measured in terms of bits per second (bps). The higher units for data
transfer rates are:
1 Kbps=210 bps=1024 bps
1 Mbps=220 bps=1024 Kbps
1 Gbps=230 bps=1024 Mbps
1 Tbps=240 bps=1024 Gbps

MBps stands for Megabyte per second whereas Mbps stands for Megabit
 Network Devices
To communicate data through different transmission media and to
configure networks with different functionality, we require different
devices like Modem, Hub, Switch, Repeater, Router, Gateway, etc.

Modem: A MODEM (Modulator DEModulator) is an electronic device that

enables a computer to transmit data over telephone lines. It is a device used to
convert digital signals into analog signals and vice versa. There are two types of
modems, namely internal modem and external modem.
 Network Devices
Ethernet Card : Ethernet card, also known as Network Interface
Card (NIC card in short) is a network adapter used to set up a wired
network. It acts as an interface between computer and the network .
Ethernet cards can support data transfer between 10 Mbps and 1
Gbps (1000 Mbps). Each NIC has a MAC address, which helps in
uniquely identifying the computer on the network.
 Network Devices
RJ45: or Registered Jack-45 is an eight-pin connector that is used
exclusively with Ethernet cables for networking. It is a standard
networking interface that can be seen at the end of all network
cables.
Hub: It is multi-port and unintelligent network device
which simply transfers data from one port of the
network to another. A hub is a hardware device used
to connect several computers together with different
ports.
 Network Devices
Switch: A switch (switching hub) is a network device which is used to
interconnect computers or devices on a network. It filters and
forwards data packets across a network.

Router: A router is a networking

device that forwards data packets from
the source machine to the destination
machine by using the shortest path.
Routers are used at the network layer,
which is the third layer of the OSI
 Network Devices
Repeater : Repeater is a device that amplifies a signal that is
transmitted across the network so that the signal is received in the
same way as it is sent.
 Network Devices
Gateway: A gateway is a device
that connects dissimilar networks.
In internet, several networks are
communicating with each other
and each network has a different
configuration. In order to make
reliable communication, there
must be a device that helps in
communicating.
 Network Devices
Bridge :A bridge is a device that links two segments together of the
original network.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
The pattern of interconnection of nodes in a network is called the
Topology. This layout also determines the manner in which information
is exchanged with in the network.
Types of Topologies
Basically, there are five types of topologies and each topology has some
advantages and disadvantages.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Bus topology is a topology for a Local Area Network (LAN) in which
all the nodes are connected to a single cable. The cable to which the
nodes connect is called a “Backbone”. If the backbone is broken , the
entire segment fails.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Advantages of Bus Topology
(a) Nodes can be connected or removed easily.
(b) It requires less cable length .
(c) Can be extended up to a certain limit.
(d) It is simple , reliable and easy to use.

Disadvantages of Bus Topology

(a) If there is a fault or break in the main cable, the entire network shuts down.
(b) Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable.
(c) Fault isolation is difficult.
(d) Data traffic is high.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Ring topology, each node is
connected to two other nodes on
either side of it, forming a ring
network. It shows the line
configuration in which each node is
connected to one predecessor node
and one successor node. Signal is
transmitted only in one direction along
the entire ring in a circular fashion.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Advantages of Ring Topology
(a) The data is transmitted in one direction .
(b) The adding or removing of network nodes is easy .
(c) A central server is not required in ring topology as the data is passed
between two nodes
which then pass through the entire network. .

Disadvantages of Ring Topology

(a) If there is a fault in a single node, it can cause the entire network to fail .
(b) Transmission speed becomes slower with an increase in the number of
nodes.
(c) If there is a fault or break in a cable to which all other nodes are connected,
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Star topology, each communicating
device is connected to a central
controller called hub. The devices in
star topology send and receive data
indirectly; the data passes to and from
the hub. If the data is required to be
sent from one computer and received
by another computer, then this can be
accomplished only by the central
controller as each data is first sent to
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Advantages of Star Topology
(a) It is easy to detect faults in this network .
(b) It is very reliable – If one cable or device fails then all the others will
continue to work.
(c) The rate of data transfer is fast as all the data packets or messages are
transferred
through central hub.
(d) Easy to extend.
Disadvantages of Star Topology
(a) Extra hardware is required for installation .
(b) All nodes of star topology are dependent on central hub and, therefore, any
problem in
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Tree topology, combines
characteristics of Bus and Star
topologies. It consists of groups of star-
configured workstations connected to a
linear bus backbone cable.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Advantages of Tree Topology
(a) The tree topology is useful in cases where a star or bus cannot be
implemented individually.
(b) of one segment does not affect the rest of the network.
(c) Fault identification is easy.
Disadvantages of Tree Topology
(b) As multiple segments are connected to a central bus, the network depends
heavily on the
bus. Its failure affects the entire network.
(b) Owing to its size and complexity, maintenance is not easy and costs are high.
Also,
configuration is difficult in comparison to other topologies.
 Communication/Transmission
Media
Transmission Media The media through which data is transferred from one
place to another is called transmission or communication media.
Types of Communication/Transmission Media
All communication/transmission media can be divided into two categories:
 Communication/Transmission
Media
Guided Media or Wired Technologies: In guided media or wired media, the
computers in a network are connected through wire or cable. The data signal
physically gets transferred from the transmitting computer to the receiving
computer through the wired transmission medium. Some of guided media are
given below:

•Ethernet Cable or Twisted Pair Cable

•Co-axial Cable

•Optical Fibre Cable

 Communication/Transmission
Media
•Ethernet Cable or Twisted Pair Cable : In this cable, wires
are twisted together, which are surrounded by an insulating
material and an outer layer called jacket. One of the wire is used to
carry signals to the receiver and the other is used only as a ground
reference. There are two types of twisted pair cables.
•Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable : It has shielding of the
individual pair of wires, which protects it from external interference
and crosstalk.
•Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable: It has two unshielded
wires twisted around each other. UTP cables are found in many LAN
networks and telephone systems.
 Communication/Transmission
Media
Advantages of Twisted Pair Cable
•Simple structure.
•Physically flexible.
•Easy to install
•Low weight.
•Very inexpensive.
Disadvantages of Twisted Pair Cable
•Due to high attenuation, signals cannot be transported over a
long distance
without using repeaters.
•Due to low bandwidth, it is unsuitable for broadband application.
•Data rates supported are 1 Mbps to 10 Mbps.
 Communication/Transmission
Media
Co-axial Cable: It consists of a solid wire core surrounded by foil shields or
conducting braid or wire mesh, each separated by some kind of plastic insulator.
The inner solid wire core carries the signal through the network and the shield is
used to provide earthing or ground . Coax cables are widely used for internet
connections and cable televisions.
 Communication/Transmission
Advantages of Co-axial Cable
•
Media
Transmission quality of co-axial cable is better than twisted pair cable.
•It can be successfully used for shared cable network.
•It can transmit several channels simultaneously, so that used for
broadband
transmission.
•It offers high bandwidth.
•It is relatively inexpensive as compared to fibre optic cable.
Disadvantages of Co-axial Cable
•It is expensive compared to twisted pair cable.
•These are difficult to manage and reconfigure as compared to twisted
pair cable.
 Communication/Transmission
Media
Fibre Optic Cable: Optical fibre or fibre optic cable consists of thin
threads made up of glass or glass like material, which are capable of
carrying light signals from a source at one end to another end.
 Communication/Transmission
Media
Advantages of Fibre Optic Cable
• Fibre optic typically offers better bandwidth and can carry more information
at once.
• Fibre optic cables are much thinner and lighter than metal wires.
• Lighter weight makes fibre easier to install.
• A signal can run for 50 km without requiring regeneration.
• Fibre optic cables are also used in research and development.
• Bandwidth is upto 10 Gbps.
Disadvantages of Fibre Optic Cable
•As fibre optic is made of glass, it can be easily broken.
•It is relatively expensive as compared to other guided media.
 Communication/Transmission
Media
Unguided Media or Wireless Technologies:
When the computers in a network are interconnected and data is
transmitted through waves, then they are said to be connected through
unguided media. Some of the unguided media are given below:
1. Microwave
2. Radio Waves
3. Satellite Link
4. Infrared
5. Bluetooth
 Communication/Transmission
Media
Microwave: Microwave signals are used to transmit data without the use of
cable. It is a line-of-sight transmission as signal travels in a straight line. In
microwave communication, two directional parabolic antennas are mounted on
towers, buildings or hills to send and receive signals through air. However, they
must be properly aligned with each other, otherwise the signal will not be
focused well at the receiving antenna.
 Communication/Transmission
Advantages of Microwave
Media
•Microwave transmission does not require the expense of laying cables.
•It can carry 25000 voice channels at the same time.
•It is a cheaper source of communication as it avoids using cables and
maintaining repeaters.
•Microwave system permits data transmission rate of about 16 gigabits per
second.
Disadvantages of Microwave
•It is an insecure mode of communication.
• Installation and maintenance of microwave links is very expensive.
• The transmission is affected by weather conditions like rain, thunderstorms
etc.
 Communication/Transmission
Media
Radio Waves: When two terminals communicate
by using radio frequencies, then such type of
communication is known as radio wave
transmission. Radio wave transmission set-up has
two parts; Transmitter and Receiver.
• Devices which transmits signals are termed as
transmitter.
• Devices which receives signals are termed as
receiver.
Both the transmitter and receiver use antennas to
radiate and capture the radio signal.
 Communication/Transmission
Advantages of Radio Waves Media
• They can be used indoors or outdoors.
• They are omnidirectional and can travel in any direction.
• Transmitter and receiver antenna do not need to be physically
aligned.
• Radio wave transmission offers mobility.
• It is cheaper than laying cables and fibres.
Disadvantages of Radio Waves
• Radio wave communication is an insecure mode of
communication.
• It is affected by the weather conditions such as rain, storms, thunder,
etc.
 Communication/Transmission
Media
Satellites are an essential part of
telecommunications systems worldwide. They
can carry a large amount of data in addition to
TV signals. When the data is transmitted using
satellite then it is said to be satellite
communication.
Satellites are especially used for remote
locations, which are difficult to reach with
wired infrastructure. Also communication and
data transfer on Internet, is only possible
through satellites.
 Communication/Transmission
Advantages of Satellite Link
Media
• The area covered is quite large.
• The wired communication is almost impossible and too costly to use
across the
continents, where the satellite communication proves to be the best
alternative.
• It is very useful in long distance television distribution.
• Earth station, which receives the signals can be fixed position or
relatively mobile.
Disadvantages of Satellite Link
• It is very expensive as compared to other transmission mediums.
• Installation is extremely complex.
 Communication/Transmission
Media
Infrared communication requires a transceiver (a combination of
transmitter and receiver) in both devices that communicate. Infrared
communication is playing an important role in wireless data communication
due to the popularity of laptop computers, personal digital assistants
(PDAs), digital cameras, mobile phones, pagers and other devices but being
a line-of-sight transmission, it is sensitive to fog and other atmospheric
conditions.
Advantages of Infrared
•Power consumption is less.
•Circuitry cost is less.
•Secure mode of transmission.
Disadvantages of Infrared
•Line of sight, need to be in a straight line for communication.
•Limited in a short range.
•Can be blocked by common materials like walls, people, plants, etc.
 Communication/Transmission
Media
Bluetooth
It is used for exchanging data over a short distance from fixed and
mobile devices. The name bluetooth is derived from Harald Bluetooth, a
king in Denmark.
Advantages of Bluetooth
• We are able to share data without any cord.
• We are able to share data without disclosing our private data.
• We can use Bluetooth on many different devices, as it is available in
all devices such as laptops, cell phones, music players, hand sets,
printers and a lot more other products.
Disadvantages of Bluetooth
• Battery consumption
• Data transfer is very slow
 Network Protocol
Protocol refers to the set of rules applicable for a network. The protocol
defines standardized format for the data packet to be transmitted
through the network.
Protocols define:
• how computers identify one another on a network.
• the form to which the data should be converted for transit.
• how to decide whether the data received is for that node or to be
forwarded to
another node.
•
 Network Protocol
HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) : HTTP stands for HyperText Transfer
Protocol. It is widely used protocol. This protocol is used by the world wide web. HTTP
defines how messages are formatted and transmitted and what actions web servers
and browsers should take in response to various commands. It is a request/response
standard between a client (end-user) and a server (website).
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) : It is a set of
standardised rules that uses a client-server model of communication in which a user or
machine (a client) requests a service by a server in the network. The IP protocol
ensures that each computer or node connected to the Internet is assigned an IP
address . TCP ensures that the message or data is broken into smaller chunks,
called IP packets. Each of these packets are transmitted through the Internet. It is
also responsible for ordering the packets so that they are delivered in sequence.
 Network Protocol
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) : is the protocol used for transferring files from one
machine to another. Like HTTP, FTP also works on a client-server model. When a user
requests for a file transfer with another system, FTP sets up a connection between the
two nodes for accessing the file.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) : SMTP is used for sending email messages
to other networks or computers. It handles only outgoing messages and not incoming
messages. SMTP does not create messages; rather, it helps in forwarding messages
between client servers.
PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) : is a communication protocol which establishes a
dedicated and direct connection between two communicating devices. This protocol
defines how two devices will authenticate each other and establish a direct link
between them to exchange data. For example, two routers with direct connection
 Network Protocol
POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3) :The POP (Post Office Protocol 3) is a simple and
standard method to access mailbox and download messages to the local computers.
The user can receive messages with the help of POP protocol. The advantage is that
once the messages are downloaded, an internet connection is no longer needed to read
the mail. A user can read all emails offline as these are saved on the computer’s hard
disk.
TELNET (Remote Login) :Telnet is a remote login that helps a user to log on to
another user’s terminal without being its original user. A user who is logging in to their
own system can also get access to log on to another user system and perform various
functions such as accessing files or sharing files to/from the remote system.
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP): VoIP is a protocol that is used for transmitting
voice data and multimedia data over internet protocol. It uses high speed broadband
 INTRODUCTION TO WEB SERVICES
Internet offers several important and extensively used features or services which
are described as follows:
WWW (World Wide Web) : WWW is an information service that can be used for
sending and receiving information over the internet through interlinked hypertext
documents. Web pages may contain text, images, videos and other multimedia
components as well as web navigation features consisting of hyperlinks.
Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) : HTML is a language that is used to create
web pages which are then displayed by web browsers. This language tells the browser
how to display text, pictures and links on the screen. HTML is a language that supports
multimedia documents and consists of audio, video, graphics, pictures, etc. It also
helps in creating hyperlinks so that various documents can be linked together.
 INTRODUCTION TO WEB SERVICES
Extensible Markup Language (XML) : Extensible Markup Language is a text-based
Markup Language that allows the user to create their own tags to store data in a
structured format.
Domain Names : A domain name is a unique name that identifies a particular website
and represents the name of the server, where the web pages store. Domain names are
formed by the rules and procedures of the Domain Name System (DNS). Domain names
are used in URLs to identify particular web servers, for example, in the URL
https://www.cbse.nic.in/welcome.htm, the domain name is cbse.nic.in.
A domain name consists of the following parts.
1. Top-level domain name or primary domain name, and
2. Sub-domain name(s).
For example, In the domain name cbse.nic.in: .in is the primary domain name , .nic is
the sub-domain of in , cbse is the sub-domain of nic.
 INTRODUCTION TO WEB SERVICES
The top-level domains are categorized into following domain names:

Generic Domain Names Country Specific Domain Names

·com - commercial business .in - India
·edu - Educational institutions ·au - Australia
·gov - Government agencies ·ca - Canada
·mil - Military .ch - China
·net - Network organizations .nz - New Zealand
·org - Organizations (non-profit) .pk - Pakistan
.jp - Japan
.us - United States of America
 INTRODUCTION TO WEB SERVICES
URL stands for uniform resource locator that stores the address of a web page.
URL consists of three parts:
• Network protocol
• Host name or address
• File or resource location.
These parts are separated by special characters as follows
Protocol://host/location
An example of a typical URL would be "http://en.example.org/wiki/Main_Page".
Website : A website is a collection of various web pages, images, videos, audios or
other kinds of digital assets that are hosted on one or several web servers. The first
page of a website is known as home page where all the links related to other
 INTRODUCTION TO WEB SERVICES
Web Page : A web page is an electronic document/page designed using HTML. It
displays information in textual or graphical form. Traversal from one web page to
another web page is possible through hyperlinks. A web page can be classified into
two types:
• Static web page: A web page which displays same kind of information whenever a
user visits it is
known as a static web page. A static web page generally has .htm or .html as
extension.
• Dynamic web page: An interactive web page is a dynamic web page. A dynamic web
page uses scripting languages to display changing content on the web page. Such a
page generally has .php, .asp, or .jsp as extension.
Web Browser : It is a software that helps in accessing web pages and, thus, is also
 INTRODUCTION TO WEB SERVICES
Web Server : A web server is a server that stores web pages and when a web
client sends any request to a server, the server responds to the request and
displays the requested web pages. A web server is a program that runs on a
computer connected to the internet.
Some popular web servers are: Apache web server, Netscape enterprise web
server, Microsoft internet information server, etc.
Web Hosting : Web hosting is a service which is provided by companies to its
clients to allow them to construct their own websites which are accessible to the
internet users via World Wide Web. Such companies are known as web hosts.
Web 2.0 refers to added features and applications that make the web more
interactive and easy to provide information using newsgroups, social networking
 INTRODUCTION TO WEB SERVICES
Web Scripting : Website Scripting is used for creating web pages to publish them on
the web interactively. The communication between web browser and web server
happens through small programs called web scripts.
Client-Side Web Scripting Languages : Client-side scripting enables the user to
interact with web pages. The client-side scripts are downloaded at the client end and
then interpreted and executed by the web browser. Some Popular Client-Side
Scripting Languages are:
(a) JavaScript (b) VBScript (c) PHP
Server-Side Script : Server-side scripting gets executed on the server before
displaying the information requested.
(a) ASP (Active Server Pages)
(b) JSP (Java Server Pages)