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L8 Interpolation Inverse Spline Methods

The document covers computer-oriented numerical methods focusing on interpolation techniques, including inverse interpolation and spline interpolation. It explains the Lagrange interpolating polynomial, methods for determining values of x from given y values, and the concept of spline curves in computer graphics. Additionally, it discusses various spline methods such as Hermite, Catmull-Rom, and Cardinal splines, highlighting their applications and advantages over higher-order polynomials.

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23 views19 pages

L8 Interpolation Inverse Spline Methods

The document covers computer-oriented numerical methods focusing on interpolation techniques, including inverse interpolation and spline interpolation. It explains the Lagrange interpolating polynomial, methods for determining values of x from given y values, and the concept of spline curves in computer graphics. Additionally, it discusses various spline methods such as Hermite, Catmull-Rom, and Cardinal splines, highlighting their applications and advantages over higher-order polynomials.

Uploaded by

khushbu kumari
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CA 552: UNIT-II

Computer oriented numerical methods

Interpolation:
• Inverse Interpolation Method
• Spline Interpolation
Inverse Interpolation
• So far, given a set of values of x and y, we have
been finding the values of y corresponding to
a certain value of x.
• On the other hand, the process of estimating
the value of x for a value of y (which is not in
the table) is called inverse interpolation.

NOTE: When the values of x are unequally spaced Lagrange Method is


used and when the values of x are equally spaced, the iterative/newton
method should be used.
Lagrange Interpolating Polynomials

The Lagrange interpolating polynomial is given by:

n
f n ( x )  Li ( x ) f ( xi )
i 0
n x  xj
Li ( x ) 
j 0 xi  x j
j i
x  x1 x  x0
f1 ( x)  f ( x0 )  f ( x1 )
x0  x1 x1  x0

f 2 ( x) 
x  x1 x  x2 
f ( x0 ) 
x  x0 x  x2 
f ( x1 )
x0  x1 x0  x 2  x1  x0 x1  x 2 

x  x0 x  x1 
f ( x2 )
x2  x0 x2  x1 
Inverse Interpolation
Given (x0, f(x0)), (x1, f(x1)), (x2, f(x2)), …, (xn, f(xn))
and a function value f(xk), how do you determine (xk) ?

1. Using one of the interpolation methods (Newton or Lagrange), obtain


the function f(x) :
2 n
f ( x) a  a x  a x    a x
0 1 2 n

2. Plug in the value of f(xk) in the above equation and find one of the real
roots of the resultant equation using a root finding method:
2 n
a0  a1 x  a2 x    an x  f ( xk ) 0
Inverse interpolation
Lagrange Inverse Interpolation Method
• This procedure is similar to Lagrange Interpolation
formula, the only difference being that x is assumed
to be expressible as a polynomial in y.
• Lagrange formula is merely a relation between two
variables either of which may be taken as the
independent variable.

• Therefore, on inter-changing x and y in the Lagrange


formula, we obtain:
Lagrange Inverse Interpolation Method

x=
+

Which is used for inverse interpolation.


Example
Find the value of x corresponding to y=12, using Lagrange
formula:

x 1.2 2.1 2.8 4.1 4.9 6.2


y 4.2 6.8 9.8 13.4 15.5 19.6

Answer: 3.55
SPLINE
In computer graphics, a spline is a curve that connects two or more
specific points, or that is defined by two or more points. The term
can also refer to the mathematical equation that defines such a
curve.

Consider the set of points in the illustration below. It is easy to


envision a curve (red) that approximately connects the four points
(blue). In the old days of mechanical drafting, a flexible metal or
wooden strip (called a spline and the term from which the present
term derives) was used to construct approximate graphs such as this.
SPLINE
A spline curve is a mathematical representation for which it is
easy to build an interface that will allow a user to design and
control the shape of complex curves and surfaces.

The general, approach is that the user enters a sequence of


points, and a curve is constructed whose shape closely
follows this sequence. The points are called control points.

A curve that actually passes through each control point is


called an interpolating curve; a curve that passes near to the
control points but not necessarily through them is called an
approximating curve.
Spline Curve
Spline Interpolation

• There are cases where polynomials can lead to erroneous results


because of round off error and overshoot.

• Alternative approach is to apply lower-order polynomials to subsets of


data points. Such connecting polynomials are called spline functions
and the method is called spline interpolation.

EXAMPLE:
spline fits for a set of 4 points:
(a) linear
(b) quadratic
(c) cubic splines

• linear spline  
is superior to higher-order interpolating polynomials (parts a, b, and c)
Spline Interpolation
Quadratic Spline example
Quadratic Splines - Equations
Given (n+1) points, there are 3(n) coefficients to find and hence, need to
determine 3n equations to solve:

Each polynomial must pass through the endpoints of the interval that they
are associated with. And these conditions result in 2n equations:

ai xi2  bi xi  ci  f ( xi ) i 1,2, , n
ai xi2 1  bi xi  1  ci  f ( xi  1 ) i 1,2, , n
Methods of spline

• Hermite Cubic Splines


Methods of spline

• Catmul-Rom Splines
Methods of spline

• Cardinal Splines

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