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Module 3 Learning

Module 3 covers behavioral approaches to learning, focusing on classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response, while operant conditioning, introduced by B.F. Skinner, emphasizes reinforcement to increase the likelihood of behaviors. Insight learning, as studied by Wolfgang Köhler, refers to problem-solving through understanding relationships rather than trial and error.

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Sonam Gondlekar
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4 views24 pages

Module 3 Learning

Module 3 covers behavioral approaches to learning, focusing on classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response, while operant conditioning, introduced by B.F. Skinner, emphasizes reinforcement to increase the likelihood of behaviors. Insight learning, as studied by Wolfgang Köhler, refers to problem-solving through understanding relationships rather than trial and error.

Uploaded by

Sonam Gondlekar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 3

Learning
Behavioral Approach
• Focuses on Overt Behaviour & Teaches Behavioural Skills

Classical Conditioning: Ivan Pavlov

UCS = UCR

CS = No Response

UCS Paired With CS

CS = CR

Operant Conditioning: B F Skinner


– Law Of Effect

– Reinforcement
• Positive

• Negative
Classical Conditioning
• Classical Conditioning refers to learning that occurs
when a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone) becomes
associated with a stimulus (e.g., food) that naturally
produces a behavior.
• After the association is learned, the previously
neutral stimulus is sufficient to produce the behavior.
• Unconditioned Stimulus (US) is something (such as food) that triggers a

natural occurring response.

• Unconditioned Response (UR) is the naturally occurring response (such

as salivation) that follows the unconditioned stimulus.

• Conditioned Stimulus (CS) is a neutral stimulus that, after being

repeatedly presented prior to the unconditioned stimulus, evokes a

similar response as the unconditioned stimulus.

• Conditioned Response (CR), is the acquired response to the formerly

neutral stimulus.
Classical Conditioning

• REPETITION
• It increases the strength of association between
conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.
• STIMULUS GENERALIZATION
• It is a tendency to show similar response to
slightly different stimuli
Skinner’s
Operant Conditioning Theory
INTRODUCTION

• This theory was given by Skinner in 1938.


• Kind of learning process where a response is made
more probable or more frequent by reinforcement.
• Skinner revolted against no stimulus, no response
theory.
SKINNER’S EXPERIMENT WITH RAT

• Skinner developed a special apparatus known as Skinner’s Box.

• This box has a grid floor, a system of light or sound produced at the time

of delivery of a pellet of food, in the food cup, on the pressing of lever.

• Skinner placed a hungry rat in the box.

• In this experiment, pressure on the bar in a certain way, by the rat could
result in the production of a click and emergence of a food pellet.
• The rat was rewarded for each proper pressing of the lever.

• The rat repeated this process, and ultimately learned to press the lever as
desired by the experimenter.
Responses
Elicited behavior
Emitted behavior
(Respondent
(Operant behavior)
Behavior)

Response to Response to
known stimuli unknown stimuli
Reinforcement
&
Reinforcer

Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement

Increases the Removal of which


likelihood of increases
Particular behavior The likelihood of behavior
MECHANISM OF OPERANT CONDITIONING

• Shaping: The process of building a chain of responses through a


step by step process called shaping.
• Chaining: Chaining refer to a process in which required behavior or
task is broken down into small steps for its effective learning.
• Generalization: It refer to the ability of an organism dealing with
the perception of response to, similar stimuli.
Insight Learning
What is Insight Learning?
• Insight learning is a type of
learning or problem solving that
happens all-of-a-sudden
through understanding the
relationships of various parts of
a problem rather than through
trial and error.
Wolfgang Kohler and his contribution to
Insightful Learning

• Wolfgang Köhler
was a psychologist who
conducted experiments in
which insight learning was
observed in animal behavior.
Eureka!
• Insight learning also
involves the "I have found
it!" feeling or "eureka“.

• Insight learning is also


expressed as the "Aha
moment,"
Can you leave two complete squares only, by
taking away two sticks from the pattern
shown below?
Answer is…..
Insightful learning depends on certain factors:
intelligence
Learning Situation
Initial Efforts
Repetition

&

Generalization

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