Topic: Comparative Education System (ASEAN) Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia

Historical Background Types of schools and education system Governments role

MALAYSIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM

Historical Background
Feudal Period British Colonial period During the World War II After World War II Independence

Feudal Period
Members of the royalty and nobility had the benefit of formal education that prepared them for ruling the masses. Informal education involving the passing down of traditional life skills. The Islamic clergy established a small number of Quranic schools or pondok for the purpose of religious education

British Colonial period

British colonization 1786 1941 Laissez faire (divide and rule) No clear policy on education Vernacular schools (English medium, Malay medium, Chinese medium & Tamil medium)

During the World War II

Education-tool to inculcate love & loyalty for the Japanese emperor English & Mandarin languages were banned from the schools Japanese language (Nippon Go) became the medium of instruction in schools

After World War II

Holgate Report (1949) Barnes Report (1950) Fenn-Wu Report (1951) Central Advisory Committee Report (1951) Education Ordinance (1952) Razak Report (1956)

Independence
Education Ordinance 1957 Rahman Talib Report 1960 Education Act 1961 1969, May Thirteen Crisis 1979 Mahathir Report 1991, National Development Policy (NDP) Education Act 1996 National Education Blueprint 20062010

Types of Schools
Preschool Primary Secondary Post-Secondary Tertiary/higher Education

Education System
Preschool
-Not compulsory -Referred as kindergarten; Tadika; Tabika -Children at age of 3 6 years old.
Primary -Compulsory by law -A period of 6 years (use KBSR syllabus) -Two types: National Schools (SK) & National type Schools (SJK) -Begins at age seven and lasts for six years

Education System (cont)

Secondary
-Begins at age 13 and lasts for 5 years -Include 3 years of lower secondary and 2 years of upper secondary. (use KBSM syllabus) -Upper secondary; academic, technical & vocational streams. -PMR (Form 3); SPM (Form 5) -Public (Government) & Private (Commercial groups)

Post-secondary
- STPM and matriculation serve as two parallel filters for university entrance.

Education System (cont)

Tertiary/higher Education -Universities; Polytechnics; Colleges; Teacher Training
Institutes..etc -Offer courses leading to the awards of certificate, diploma, first degree and higher degree qualifications.

Governments Role
The Malaysian Government provides more than 95% of primary and secondary education as well as about 60% of the tertiary education. Ministry of Education handling matters pertaining preschool, primary, secondary and post-secondary schools. Also helps with the educational policy. Ministry of Higher Education dealt with the matters regarding tertiary education.

SINGAPORE EDUCATION SYSTEM

Historical Background
Colonial Era Post-War Era Survival-Driven Efficiency-Driven Ability-Driven

Colonial Era (1820s - 1945)

Malay education, funded by the British government. Chinese and Indian schools were largely left to their own devices. English schools opened to all children on feepaying basis. Schools started by missionaries were given financial aid but left to the management of the missionaries. 1920: The British government implemented the Registration of School Ordinance.

Post-War (1946 - 1958)

1947: The Ten Years Programme for Education Policy in the Colony of Singapore was published. 1956: Report of the All Party Committee. 1957: New Education Ordinance.

Survival-Driven (1959 - 1978)

1959: The Peoples Action Party (PAP) came into power and introduced the Five Year Plan. 9 August 1965: Singapore declared independence. -Education thus shifted towards an industrializationoriented mode, with a greater focus on technical and vocational education. -Development of Universal primary education and preuniversity education National Junior College. 1966: The bilingual policy was adopted which made English as the first language and mother tongue as the second to create a common national identity.

Efficiency-Driven (1979 - 1996)

February 1979: The Goh Report was presented by then-Minister for Education, Dr Goh Keng Swee. 1980: Singapore created the Curriculum Development Institute of Singapore (CDIS). Established Independent Schools in 1988 and Autonomous Schools in 1994. 1996: The Curriculum Development Institute of Singapore is closed.

Ability-Driven (1997 - present)

1997: Singapore launched Thinking Schools, Learning Nation (TSLN). IT Master plan National Education (NE)

Types of Schools
Primary
-Government schools -Government-aided schools

Secondary
-Government schools -Government-aided schools -Autonomous schools -Independent schools -Integrated Programme (IP) schools -Special Assistance Plan (SAP) schools -Specialised schools -Privately funded schools

Types of Schools (cont)

Pre-University Centres -Junior Colleges (JC) -Centralised Institutes (CI)

Technical schools
Post-Secondary Institutes -Institute of Technical Education -Polytechnics

Types of Schools (cont)

Universities -Singapore universities -International universities
Specialised tertiary schools
Special education schools International schools

Education System
Primary School -Primary level consists of 6 years of compulsory schooling. -At the end of the sixth year, students must take the national examination known as the Primary School Leaving Examination (PSLE). -The overall objective: To allow students to have good knowledge in English, their Mother Tongue and also Mathematics. Co-curricular Activities (CCAs) and Community Involvement Program (CIP) participation are encouraged among students.

Education System (cont)

Secondary School -Based on how students perform in their PSLE, they are graded and placed in Special, Express, Normal (Academic) or Normal (Technical) courses accordingly in Secondary Schools. -Different curriculum are used in each courses and are designed to suit the interest and learning abilities of these students. -Students under the Special or Express courses take the [General Certificate of Education] GCE O levels while students under the Normal (Academic) or Normal (Technical) take the GCE N levels after 4 to 5 years of education.

Education System (cont)

Pre-University
-Pre-University education is 2 to 3 years of education in Junior Colleges or in centralised institutes. -Upon completion of their studies, students will sit for the GCE A levels examination and upon passing, they are awarded a School Graduation Certificate. -CCA (co-curricular activity) participation is also required as it is a consideration factor for admission into University.

Education System (cont)

Tertiary Education
-There are 4 different areas of tertiary education in Singapore and they are ITE, Polytechnics, Universities and Special Schools. ITE (Innovations in Technical Education) They are the national authority in determining the skill standards and certification of skills in Singapore. Polytechnics These institutions were set-up to train mid-level professionals to provide support to the technological and economic development of Singapore. Universities Its undergraduate courses serve as a preparatory step towards challenges in the working world. Special Schools Managed and owned by private schools/organizations, these schools have curriculum customized for handicapped children.

Governments Role
Singapores first Prime minister, Lee Kuan Yew, set out two overarching goals: to build a modern economy and to create a sense of Singaporean national identity. It promote rapid economic growth by putting stress on meritocracy, high academic achievement, and the relevance of education to manpower planning. The Singapore government takes a very proactive role in ensuring that all citizens are literate. It invests heavily in education, especially at the secondary level, and in the lifelong training of the labour force. The Ministry Of Education directs the formulation and implementation of education policies. It has control of the development and administration of the Government and Government-aided primary schools, secondary schools, junior colleges, and a centralised institute. It also registers private schools.

Thailand Education System

Historical Background
Early Development

Reform and Modernization The Emergence of the Ministry of Education

Early Development 1. The Sukhothai Period (A.D.1238-1378)

King Ram Khamhaeng the Great invented the Thai alphabet in 1283 basing it on Mon, Khmer, and Southern Indian scripts. The Sukhothai stone inscriptions recorded aspects of education in moral, intellectual and cultural terms.

Two types of education existed:

Education provided by the Royal Institution of Instruction (Rajabundit) to members of the royal family and the nobility. Education provided by the Buddhist monks to commoners.

2. The Ayutthaya Period (A.D. 1350-1767)

Chindamani - the first textbook of the Thai language Remained in use up to King Chulalongkorn's reign (18681910).

Reform and Modernization

King Rama I (1782-1809) reformed the Buddist sangha Printing press books in Thai language Rama IV (1851-1865) decreed that measures be taken to modernise education and insisted that English would be included in the curriculum King Rama V (1868-1910) opened a school in the palace to educate young princes and the sons of nobles in 1871.

 The Command Declaration on Schooling was proclaimed in 1871 Soon afterwards, King Rama V set up an English school in the palace as well as a number of schools outside the palace for the education of commoners children In 1887, King Rama V established the Department of Education to supervise the Kingdom's education and religious affairs.

The Emergence of the Ministry of Education

The Department of Education became a full-fledged Ministry of Education on April 1, 1892 In 1901, the first government school for girls, Bamrung Wijasatri, was set up in Bangkok. In 1898, the first Education Plan was launched. It was divided into 2 parts : the first concerned with education in the Bangkok area while the second focused on education in the provinces.

 In 1902, The National System of Education in Siam retained all the education levels of the 1898 Plan and reshaped them into 2 categories; general education and professional or technical education In 1960, compulsory education was extended to 7 years. Special provisions were made for disabled children. In 1977, Thailand's educational system was changed from a 4-3-3-2 structure to a 6-3-3 system which is still in use nowadays.

Types of Schools
1. Public / Government schools

Education is compulsory for all Thai children from ages six to fifteen. Government or public schools are free for Thai nationals. Parents are required to pay a nominal fee for books and necessities.

 The following are the five areas in the government school curriculum:
Basic skills in Thai language and mathematics Life experiences including social studies, natural science, health education, citizenship, conservation Character development including moral education, physical education, music and performing arts, art education Special experience (for grades five to six) involving English language or special vocational skills relevant to the needs of the community Thai studies (except in preschools)

2. Private and International Schools

Different curriculums American or British Internationally recognized courses - AP, GCE A Level, IGCSE and the IB Each school will follow its own admissions procedure which can include placement tests and inspection of prior academic records Thai studies = compulsory subject

3. Higher education institutions

University College Vocational college Technical Institute Teacher college

Education System
Since 2001 Thailand's educational system is divided into three levels:
o Level 1: first three years of school KG1 to KG3 3 years to 5 years old o Level 2: Primary or elementary school (Prathom) P1 to P6 6 years to 11 years old o Level 3: Secondary school (Matthayom) M1 to M6 12 years to 17 years old

Anuban (3 5 years old)

Compulsory

Prathom 1 3 (6 8 years old) Prathom 4 6 (9 11 years old) Matthayom 1 3 (12 14 years old) Matthayom 4 6 (15 17 years old)

Academic Vocational

 Level 1 is optional Thai children are required to complete Prathom 1 to Matthayom 3 At the end of each year, students must take a test in order to move on to the next level After completing the final obligatory year, Matthayom 3, students who wish to continue their education must take the Ordinary National Educational Test (O-NET)

 At the end of Matthayom 6 students will take the Advanced National Educational Test (A-NET) in order to graduate. Central University Admission System (CUAS) = O-NET + A-NET + GPA

Governments Role
The Ministry of Education is responsible for the provision of pre-school education, primary education, secondary education, teacher education, vocational and technical education and curriculum development The National Education Commission is responsible for educational policies, planning and research The Ministry of University Affairs manages the state universities (in Thai)

Indonesia Education System

Historical Background
HinduBuddhist Era

Era of Islamic States

Colonial Era

1. Hindu-Buddhist Era Karysan

Patapan: cave, jungle, huge stone etc. Mandala: complex for pendeta and their followers. Live in groups and devoted their life to the religion and nagara. Led by dewaguru.

2. Era of Islamic States Acculturation of both Islamic tradition and Hindu-Buddhist tradition Uzlah concept Pesantren / Pondok = Islamic boarding school Depok = Mandala

3. Colonial Era
Elementary education was introduced by the Dutch Restricted for only Dutch or European people Sekolah Rakyat was opened for bumiputera or native indonesian

 The Dutch introduced a system of formal education for the local population of Indonesia
ELS (Europeesche Lagere School) - Primary School for Europeans HIS (Hollandsch-Inlandsche School) - Primary School for Natives MULO (Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs) - Middle School AMS (Algeme(e)ne Middelbare School) - High School or College HBS (Hogere Burger School) - Pre-University

 The segregation between Dutch and Indonesian in Education pushed several Indonesian figures to start educational institutions for local people. Ahmad Dahlan founded Muhammadiyah in November 1912, and Ki Hajar Dewantara founded Taman Siswa in July 1922. Pesantren was growing rapidly during this time period

Types of Schools
1. Public / Governments Schools

9 years of compulsory education 6 years in primary school and 3 years in middle school Indonesian language as medium of instruction Curriculum education: language, Physical education, religious studies, mathematics, history, arts, etc.

2. National Plus School

Offers education beyond the minimum requirements of the national Indonesian accreditation authorities Some subjects are taught in English International curriculum such as from Cambridge International Examinations (CIE) or the International Baccalaureate Organisation (IBO)

3. International Schools International curriculum Cambridge, Baccalaureate, A Level, etc. Lessons are conducted in English

4. Islamic Schools Supervised and financed by the Department of Religious Affairs Quran, Arabic language, Sharia, history, etc. Pesantren and Madrasa

5. Homeschooling
Alternative Supervised by parents Conducive and flexible learning environment Types homeschooling tunggal, homeschooling majemuk and komunitas homeschooling Main objective = to maximize the development of childrens unique potential
More http://percikankehidupan.wordpress.com/2008/11/07/homeschool ing-di-indonesia-dan-problematikanya/

6. Higher Education University Institute Academy Polytechnics

Education System
Nine Year Basic Education Program was proclaimed by President Suharto on 2 May 1994 compulsory education Divided into 5 stages;
o Sekolah kanak-kanak o Sekolah dasar (SD) o Sekolah menengah pertama (SMP) o Sekolah menengah atas (SMA) or Sekolah menengah kejuruan (SMK) o Post-secondary education

Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini (PAUD) Taman Kanak-kanak Raudatul Athfal Sekolah Dasar - SD Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Homeschooling (Paket A) Sekolah Menengah Pertama SMP Madrasah Tsanawiyah Homeschooling (Paket B) Sekolah Menengah Atas SMA Madrasah Aliyah Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan SMK Madrasah Aliyah Kejuruan Homeschooling (Paket C) Tertiary Education

4 6 Years old

6 Years 6 11 years old Compulsory 3 Years 12 14 years old

3 Years 15 17 years old

Governments Role
Supervised by Ministry of Education and Culture (Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan or Kemdikbud) specifically Ministry of National Education Ministry of Religious Affairs (Kementerian Agama or Kemenag)

 Roles;
o Responsible in the formulation, determination, and implementation of national policies in education o Providing technical guidance to districts management o National-scale activities

Conclusion
Age and education Compulsory years of learning Medium of instruction in class Governments policy on education