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CSC 225 Lecture One

The document provides an overview of computer architecture and organization, defining key concepts such as Instruction Set Architecture (ISA), Micro Architecture, and System Design. It explains the roles of various components like the CPU, ALU, CU, memory units, and input/output units in a computer system, highlighting their functions and interactions. Additionally, it distinguishes between computer architecture (the abstract design) and computer organization (the physical implementation).

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3 views16 pages

CSC 225 Lecture One

The document provides an overview of computer architecture and organization, defining key concepts such as Instruction Set Architecture (ISA), Micro Architecture, and System Design. It explains the roles of various components like the CPU, ALU, CU, memory units, and input/output units in a computer system, highlighting their functions and interactions. Additionally, it distinguishes between computer architecture (the abstract design) and computer organization (the physical implementation).

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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CSC 225: Computer Architecture

and Organization
LECTURE ONE

TOPIC : Fundamental building blocks,


Computer architecture
• Definition
• It can be defined as a set of rules and
methods that describe the functionality,
management and implementation of
computers.
• To be precise, it is nothing but rules by which a
system performs and operates.
Categories of Computer Architecture
• Instruction set Architecture or ISA − Whenever an
instruction is given to processor, its role is to read and
act accordingly. It allocates memory to instructions
and also acts upon memory address mode (Direct
Addressing mode or Indirect Addressing mode).
• Micro Architecture − It describes how a particular
processor will handle and implement instructions
from ISA.
• System design − It includes the other entire hardware
component within the system such as virtualization,
multiprocessing.
Role of computer Architecture

• The main role of Computer Architecture is to balance the


performance, efficiency, cost and reliability of a computer
system.
• For Example − Instruction set architecture (ISA) acts as a
bridge between computer's software and hardware. It
works as a programmer's view of a machine.
• Computers can only understand binary language (i.e., 0, 1)
and users understand high level language (i.e., if else,
while, conditions, etc).
• So to communicate between user and computer,
Instruction set Architecture plays a major role here,
translating high level language to binary language.
Computer Organization:
• Computer Organization is realization of what is specified by the
computer architecture.
• It deals with how operational attributes are linked together to
meet the requirements specified by computer architecture.
Some organizational attributes are hardware details, control
signals, peripherals.
• EXAMPLE: Say you are in a company that manufactures cars,
design and all low-level details of the car come under
computer architecture (abstract, programmers view), while
making it’s parts piece by piece and connecting together the
different components of that car by keeping the basic design in
mind comes under computer organization (physical and visible)
Differences between Computer Organization and Computer
Architecture
Block Diagram of Computer System

• A computer system is basically a machine that simplifies


complicated tasks.
• It should maximize performance and reduce costs as
well as power consumption.
• The different components in the Computer System
Architecture are
• Input Unit,
• Output Unit,
• Storage Unit,
• Arithmetic Logic Unit,
• Control Unit etc.
Block Diagram of a Computer
Input Unit

• All the data received by the computer goes through the input unit.
• The input unit comprises different devices like a mouse, keyboard, scanner,
etc.
• In other words, each of these devices acts as a mediator between the users
and the computer.
• The data that is to be processed is put through the input unit.
• The computer accepts the raw data in binary form.
• It then processes the data and produces the desired output.
• The 3 major functions of the input unit are-
• Take the data to be processed by the user.
• Convert the given data into machine-readable form.
• And then, transmit the converted data into the main memory of the
computer.
• The sole purpose is to connect the user and the computer.
CPU – Central Processing Unit

• Central Processing Unit or the CPU, is the brain of the computer.


• It works the same way a human brain works. As the brain
controls all human activities, similarly the CPU controls all the
tasks.
• The CPU conducts all the arithmetical and logical operations in
the computer.
• Now the CPU comprises of two units, namely –
• ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) and
• CU (Control Unit).
• Both of these units work in sync.
• The CPU processes the data as a whole.
ALU – Arithmetic Logic Unit

• The Arithmetic Logic Unit is made of two terms,


arithmetic and logic.
• There are two primary functions that this unit performs.
i. Data is inserted through the input unit into the primary
memory. Performs the basic arithmetical operation on it.
Like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. It
performs all sorts of calculations required on the data.
Then sends back data to the storage.
Ii. The unit is also responsible for performing logical
operations like AND, OR, Equal to, Less than, etc. In
addition to this it conducts merging, sorting, and
selection of the given data.
CU – Control Unit

• The control unit as the name suggests is the controller of all


the activities/tasks and operations. All this is performed
inside the computer.
• i. The memory unit sends a set of instructions to the control
unit. Then the control unit in turn converts those
instructions. After that these instructions are converted to
control signals.

Ii. These control signals help in prioritizing and scheduling


activities. Thus, the control unit coordinates the tasks inside
the computer in sync with the input and output units.
Memory Unit

• All the data that has to be processed or has been


processed is stored in the memory unit. The
memory unit acts as a hub of all the data. It
transmits it to the required part of the computer
whenever necessary.
• The memory unit works in sync with the CPU. This
helps in faster accessing and processing of the data.
• Thus, making tasks easier and quicker.
There are two types of computer memory-
• Primary memory – This type of memory cannot store a vast amount of data. Therefore, it is only
used to store recent data. The data stored in this is temporary. It can get erased once the power is
switched off. Therefore, is also called temporary memory or main memory.

RAM stands for Random Access Memory. It is an example of primary memory. This memory is
directly accessible by the CPU.
• It is used for reading and writing purposes.
• For data to be processed, it has to be first transferred to the RAM and then to the CPU.
• RAM: The random access memory is a form of memory that allows data item to be read or written
into. That is, a user can keep his or her data files, instructions, intermediate results and finally results
temporarily.
• A user automatically loses whatever he or she stores on the RAM as soon as he or she closes the
processing session on the computer. RAM contains multiplexing and de-multiplexing circuits that
connects the data lines to the address storage for reading or writing.
• There are two (2) main types of RAM namely Static random access memory (SRAM) and Dynamic
random access memory (DRAM). The SRAM has smaller storage but higher retention capacity while
the DRAM stores information in the form of electrical charge and has a large storage capacity but
loses its content too quickly.

• Secondary memory – As explained above, the primary memory stores temporary data. Thus it
cannot be accessed in the future.
• For permanent storage purposes, secondary memory is used. It is also called permanent memory or
auxiliary memory. The hard disk is an example of secondary memory. Even when there is power
Output

• All the information sent to the computer once processed


is received by the user through the output unit.
• Devices like printers, monitors, projectors, etc. all come
under the output unit.
• The output unit displays the data either in the form of a
soft copy or a hard copy.
• The printer is for the hard copy.
• The monitor is for the display.
• The output unit accepts the data in binary form from the
computer. It then converts it into a readable form for the
user.

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