Discrete Structures

Matrices
 Matrix M by N
• Matrix – a rectangular array of numbers arranged
in m horizontal rows and n vertical columns,
enclosed in square brackets
• We say A is a m by n matrix, written as m x n

a11 a12 a13 . . . a1n

a21 a22 a23 . . . a2n
A= . . .
. . .
am1 am2 am3 amn
 Matrix Example
• Let A = 1 3 5
2 -1 0
• A has 2 rows and 3 columns
– A is a 2 x 3 matrix
• First row of A is [1 3 5]
• The second column of A is 3
-1
 Matrix

• If m = n, then A is a
3 20 60 50 0
9 0
4 0
2
square matrix of size
n 0 1 0 0 0 0 3
0
• The main diagonal of 0 0 4 0 0 0 4
0
a square matrix A is 06 06 0 1 0 0 7
0
a11 a22 … ann
0 0 0 0 5 0 8
0
• If every entry off the
main diagonal is zero, 0 0 06 02 02 6 8
0
i.e. aik = 0 for i  k, 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
then A is a diagonal
matrix m = n = 7 square matrix and diagonal
 Special Matrices

• Identity matrix – a 1 0 0 0
diagonal matrix with 1’s 0 1 0 0
on the diagonal; zeros
0 0 1 0
elsewhere
0 0 0 1

• Zero matrix – matrix of 0 0 0 0

all 0’s 0 0 0 0
 Matrix Equality
• Two matrices A and B are equal when all
corresponding elements are equal
– A = B when aik = bik for all i, k
1  i  m, 1  k  n
 Sum of Two Matrices
• To add two matrices, they must be the
same size
– Each position in the resultant matrix is the sum
of the corresponding positions in the original
matrices
• Properties
– A+B = B+A
– A+(B+C) = (A+B)+C
– A+0 = 0+A (0 is the zero matrix)
 Sum Example

A B Result
2 12 13 6
+ =
8 10 8 9
6 4 11 16
 Sum Row 1 Col 1

A B Result
2 12 13 6 15
+ =
8 10 8 9
6 4 11 16

2 + 13 = 15
 Sum Row 1 Col 2

A B Result
2 12 13 6 15 18
+ =
8 10 8 9
6 4 11 16

12 + 6 = 18
 Sum Row 2 Col 1

A B Result
2 12 13 6 15 18
+ = 16
8 10 8 9
6 4 11 16

8 +8 = 16
 Sum - Complete

A B Result
2 12 13 6 15 18
+ = 16 19
8 10 8 9
6 4 11 16 17 20

4 + 16 = 20
 Product of Two Matrices
• If A is a m x k matrix, then multiplication is
only defined for B which is a k x n matrix
– The result is an m x n matrix
– If A is 5 x 3, then B must be a 3 x k matrix for
any number k >0
– If A is a 56 x 31 and B is a 31 x 10, then the
product AB will by a 56 x 10 matrix
• Let C = AB, then c12 is calculated using the
first row of A and the second column of B
 Product Example 1

• Example: Multiply a 3 x 2 matrix by a 2 x 3

matrix
– The product is a 3 by 3 matrix

2 8
4 10 3 5 7
6 12 9 11 13
 Product Example 1

A B Result
2 8 3 5 7
4 10 * 9 =
11 13
6 12
 Product Row 1 Col 1

A B Result
2 8 3 5 7 78
4 10 * 9 =
11 13
6 12
2 * 3+8* 9 = 78
 Product Row 1 Col 2

A B Result
2 8 3 5 7 78 98
4 10 * 9 =
11 13
6 12
2 * 5 + 8 * 11 = 98
 Product Row 1 Col 3

A B Result
2 8 3 5 7 78 98 118
4 10 * 9 =
11 13
6 12
2 * 7 + 8 * 13 = 118
 Product Row 2 Col 1

A B Result
2 8 3 5 7 78 98 118
4 10 * 9 = 102
11 13
6 12
4 * 3 + 10 * 9 = 102
 Product - Complete

A B Product
2 8 3 5 7 78 98 118
4 10 * 9 = 102 130 158
11 13
6 12 126 162 198
6 * 7 + 12 * 13 = 198
 Product Example 2

• Let’s look at a 4 by 2 matrix and a 2 by 3

matrix Their product is a 4 by 3 matrix

2 8
4 10 3 5 7
6 12 9 11 13
5 3
 Product Example 2

A B Product
2 8 3 5 7
4 10 * 9 11 13
=
6 12
5 3
 Product Row 1 Col 1

A B Product
2 8 3 5 7 78
4 10 * 9 11 13
=
6 12
5 3

2 * 3 + 8 * 9 = 78
 Product Row 1 Col 2

A B Product
2 8 3 5 7 78 98
4 10 * 9 11 13
=
6 12
5 3

2 * 5 + 8 * 11 = 98
 Product Row 1 Col 3

A B Product
2 8 3 5 7 78 98 118
4 10 * 9 11 13
=
6 12
5 3

2 * 7 + 8 * 13 = 118
 Product Row 2 Col 1

A B Product
2 8 3 5 7 78 98 118
4 10 * 9 11 13
= 102
6 12
5 3

4 * 3 + 10 * 9 = 102
 Product - Complete

A B Product
2 8 3 5 7 78 98 118
4 10 * 9 11 13
= 102 130 158
6 12 126 162 198
5 3 42 58 74

5 * 7 + 3 * 13 = 74
 Summary of Matrix
Multiplication
• In general, AB  BA
– BA may not even be defined
• Properties
– A(BC)=(AB)C
– A(B+C)=AB+AC
– (A+B)C=AC+BC
 Boolean (Bit Matrix)

• Each element is
either a 0 or a 1
• Very common in CS
• Easy to manipulate
Join of Bit Matrices (OR)
Meet of Bit Matrices (AND)
 Transpose
• The transpose of A, denoted AT, is
obtained by interchanging the rows and
columns of A
• Example
1 3 5 T = 1 2
2 -1 0 3 -1
5 0
 Transpose (cont)

• (AT)T=A
• (A+B)T = AT+BT
• (AB)T = BTAT
• If AT=A, then A is symmetric
 Inverse
• If A and B are n x n matrices and AB=I, we
say B is the inverse of A
• The inverse of a matrix A, denoted A-1
• It is not possible to define an inverse for
every matrix
Inverse Matrix Example

R1 C1: 1*-11 + 0* -4 + 2*6 = 1

R1 C2: 1*2 + 0*0 + 2*-1 = 0
R1 C3: 1*2 + 0*1 + 2*-1 = 0

R2 C1: 2*-11 + -1* -4 + 3*6 = 0

R2 C2: 2*2 + -1* 0 + 3*-1 = 1
R2 C3: 2*2 + -1* 1 + 3*-1 = 0

R3 C1: 4*-11 + 1* -4 + 8*6 = 0

R3 C2: 4*2 + 1*0 + 8*-1 =0
R3 C3: 4*2 + 1* 1 + 8*-1 =1