Chapter

Introduction to
IoT

Book website: Bahga & Madisetti, ©

 Outline

• IoT definition
• Characteristics of IoT
• Physical Design of IoT
• Logical Design of IoT
• IoT Protocols
• IoT Levels & Deployment Templates

Book website: Bahga & Madisetti, ©

 Definition of IoT

A dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring

capabilities based on standard and interoperable communication
protocols where physical and virtual "things" have identities, physical
attributes, and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and
are seamlessly integrated into the information network, often
communicate data associated with users and their environments.

Book website: Bahga & Madisetti, ©

 Characteristics of IoT

• Dynamic & Self-Adapting

• Self-Configuring
• Interoperable Communication Protocols
• Unique Identity
• Integrated into Information Network

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 Physical Design of IoT

• The "Things" in IoT usually refers to IoT devices which have unique
identities and can perform remote sensing, actuating and monitoring
capabilities.
• IoT devices can:
• Exchange data with other connected devices and applications (directly or
indirectly), or
• Collect data from other devices and process the data locally or
• Send the data to centralized servers or cloud-based application back-ends for
processing the data, or
• Perform some tasks locally and other tasks within the IoT infrastructure,
based on temporal and space constraints

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 Generic block diagram of an IoT Device

• An IoT device may consist of

several interfaces for
connections to other devices,
both wired and wireless.
• I/O interfaces for sensors
• Interfaces for Internet
connectivity
• Memory and storage
interfaces
• Audio/video
interfaces.

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 IoT Protocols
• Link Layer
• 802.3 – Ethernet
• 802.11 – WiFi
• 802.16 – WiMax
• 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN
• 2G/3G/4G
• Network/Internet Layer
• IPv4
• IPv6
• 6LoWPAN
• Transport Layer
• TCP
• UDP
• Application Layer
• HTTP
• CoAP
• WebSocket
• MQTT
• XMPP
• DDS
• AMQP
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LINK LAYER

1.802.3-Ethernet is a collection of wired Ethernet Standards for the link

layer.
It standard for 10BASE5 Ethernet that uses Coaxial cable as a shared
medium
802.3.i is the Standard for 10 BASE-T ETHERNET cover over twisted pair
Connections.
802.3.j is the Standard for 10 BASE-F ETHERNET cover over fiber optic
Connections.
802.11-wifi IEEE 802.11 is a collection of wireless local area network
communication standards,including extensive description of the link
layer.
802.11a operates in the 5Ghz band.
802.11b and 80211g operate in the 2.4GHz band.
802.16-WiMax: is a collection of wireless broadband standards
including extensive description for the link layer.it provide data rates
from 1.5Mb/s to 1Gb/s.
802.154-LR-WPAN:it is a collection of standards for low rate wireless
personnal area networks. These standards form the basis of
specifications for high level communucation Protocols such as ZigBEE.
2G/3G/4G-Mobile Communication:2G includes GSM,3G includes UMTS
NETWORK/INTERNET LAYER

•IPv6 At the Internet layer, devices are identified by IP addresses.

•IPv6 is typically used for IoT applications over legacy IPv4 addressing.
IPv4 is limited to 32-bit addresses, which only provide around 4.3 billion
addresses in total, which is less than the current number of IoT devices
that are connected,
•while IPv6 uses 128 bits, and so provides 2 128 addresses (around 3.4
× 10 38 or 340 billion billion billion billion) addresses.
In practice, not all IoT devices need public addresses. Of the tens of
billions of devices expected to connect via the IoT over the next few
years, many will be deployed in private networks that use private
address ranges and only communicate out to other devices or services
on external networks by using GATEWAYS
6LoWPAN The IPv6 Low Power Wireless Personal Area Network
(6LoWPAN) standard allows IPv6 to be used over 802.15.4 wireless
networks.
6LoWPAN is often used for wireless sensor networks, and the Thread
protocol for home automation devices also runs over 6LoWPAN
Transport Layer

The transport layer (Layer 4 in OSI) focuses on end-to-end

communication and provides features such as reliability, congestion
avoidance, and guaranteeing that packets will be delivered in the same
order that they were sent.
TCP is the most widely used tansport layer protocol that is used by Web
browsers,email programs and file transfer.
UDP (User Datagram protocol) is often adopted for IoT transport for
performance reasons.
 Logical Design of IoT

• Logical design of an IoT system

refers to an abstract
representation of the entities
and processes without going
into the low-level specifics of
the implementation.

• An IoT system comprises of a

number of functional blocks
that provide the system the
capabilities for identification,
sensing, actuation,
communication, and
management.

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 Request-Response communication model

• Request-Response is a
communication model in which
the client sends requests to
the server and the server
responds to the requests.

• When the server receives a

request, it decides how to
respond, fetches the data,
retrieves resource
representations, prepares
the response, and then
sends the response to the
client.

Book website: Bahga & Madisetti, ©

 Publish-Subscribe communication model

• Publish-Subscribe is a
communication model that
involves publishers, brokers and
consumers.
• Publishers are the source of data.
Publishers send the data to the
topics which are managed by the
broker. Publishers are not aware
of the consumers.
• Consumers subscribe to the topics
which are managed by the broker.
• When the broker receives data for
a topic from the publisher, it
sends the data to all the
subscribed consumers.

Book website: Bahga & Madisetti, ©

 Push-Pull communication model

• Push-Pull is a communication
model in which the data
producers push the data to
queues and the consumers pull
the data from the queues.
Producers do not need to be
aware of the consumers.
• Queues help in decoupling the
messaging between the producers
and consumers.
• Queues also act as a buffer which
helps in situations when there is a
mismatch between the rate at
which the producers push data
and the rate rate at which the
consumers pull data.

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 Exclusive Pair communication model

• Exclusive Pair is a
bidirectional, fully duplex
communication model that
uses a persistent connection
between the client and
server.
• Once the connection is setup
it remains open until the
client sends a request to
close the connection.
• Client and server can send
messages to each other after
connection setup.

Book website: Bahga & Madisetti, ©

 REST-based Communication APIs

• Representational State Transfer

(REST) is a set of architectural
principles by which you can design
web services and web APIs that
focus on a system’s resources and
how resource states are
addressed and transferred.
• REST APIs follow the request-
response communication model.
• The REST architectural constraints
apply to the components,
connectors, and data elements,
within a distributed hypermedia
system.

Book website: Bahga & Madisetti, ©

 WebSocket-based Communication APIs

• WebSocket APIs allow bi-

directional, full duplex
communication between
clients and servers.
• WebSocket APIs follow the
exclusive pair
communication model

Book website: Bahga & Madisetti, ©

 Exclusive Pair communication model

• Exclusive Pair is a
bidirectional, fully duplex
communication model that
uses a persistent connection
between the client and
server.
• Once the connection is setup
it remains open until the
client sends a request to
close the connection.
• Client and server can send
messages to each other after
connection setup.

Book website: Bahga & Madisetti, ©

 IoT Levels & Deployment Templates

An IoT system comprises of the following components:

• Device: An IoT device allows identification, remote sensing, actuating and
remote monitoring capabilities. You learned about various examples of IoT
devices in section
• Resource: Resources are software components on the IoT device for
accessing, processing, and storing sensor information, or controlling
actuators connected to the device. Resources also include the
software components that enable network access for the device.
• Controller Service: Controller service is a native service that runs on
the device and interacts with the web services. Controller service sends
data from the device to the web service and receives commands from
the application (via web services) for controlling the device.

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 IoT Levels & Deployment Templates

• Database: Database can be either local or in the cloud and stores the data
generated by the IoT device.
• Web Service: Web services serve as a link between the IoT device,
application, database and analysis components. Web service can be
either implemented using HTTP and REST principles (REST service) or using
WebSocket protocol (WebSocket service).
• Analysis Component: The Analysis Component is responsible for analyzing
the IoT data and generate results in a form which are easy for the user to
understand.
• Application: IoT applications provide an interface that the users can use to
control and monitor various aspects of the IoT system. Applications also
allow users to view the system status and view the processed data.

Book website: Bahga & Madisetti, ©

 IoT Level-1

• A level-1 IoT system has a

single node/device that
performs sensing and/or
actuation, stores data,
performs analysis and hosts
the application
• Level-1 IoT systems are
suitable for modeling low-
cost and low-complexity
solutions where the data
involved is not big and the
analysis requirements are
not computationally
intensive.

Book website: Bahga & Madisetti, ©

 IoT Level-2

• A level-2 IoT system has a

single node that performs
sensing and/or actuation and
local analysis.
• Data is stored in the cloud and
application is usually cloud-
based.
• Level-2 IoT systems are
suitable for solutions where
the data involved is big,
however, the primary analysis
requirement is not
computationally intensive and
can be done locally itself.

Book website: Bahga & Madisetti, ©

 IoT Level-3

• A level-3 IoT system has a

single node. Data is
stored and analyzed in the
cloud and application is
cloud- based.
• Level-3 IoT systems are
suitable for solutions
where the data involved is
big and the analysis
requirements are
computationally intensive.

Book website: Bahga & Madisetti, ©

 IoT Level-4

• A level-4 IoT system has multiple

nodes that perform local analysis.
Data is stored in the cloud and
application is cloud-based.
• Level-4 contains local and cloud-
based observer nodes which can
subscribe to and receive
information collected in the cloud
from IoT devices.
• Level-4 IoT systems are suitable
for solutions where multiple
nodes are required, the data
involved is big and the analysis
requirements are computationally
intensive.

Book website: Bahga & Madisetti, ©

 IoT Level-5

• A level-5 IoT system has multiple end

nodes and one coordinator node.
• The end nodes that perform sensing
and/or actuation.
• Coordinator node collects data from
the end nodes and sends to the cloud.
• Data is stored and analyzed in the
cloud and application is cloud-based.
• Level-5 IoT systems are suitable for
solutions based on wireless sensor
networks, in which the data involved
is big and the analysis requirements
are computationally intensive.

Book website: Bahga & Madisetti, ©

 IoT Level-6

• A level-6 IoT system has multiple

independent end nodes that
perform sensing and/or actuation
and send data to the cloud.
• Data is stored in the cloud and
application is cloud-based.
• The analytics component analyzes
the data and stores the results in
the cloud database.
• The results are visualized with the
cloud-based application.
• The centralized controller is aware
of the status of all the end nodes
and sends control commands to
the nodes.

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