Scribd
Upload
85 views22 pages

Chandra: A Look at The Role of Relativity in Cluster Formation

This document discusses the role of the Chandra X-ray Observatory in studying dark matter and dark energy through galaxy cluster observations. It provides an overview of Chandra's instrumentation and scientific goals, which include developing models of the expanding universe and incorporating dark matter and dark energy. The document outlines how Chandra data, combined with other experiments, tightly constrains cosmological parameters like the matter density Ωm and dark energy equation of state w. Future goals are to further improve measurements of these parameters and the halo mass function to test gravitational theories.

Uploaded by

Will Cunningham
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
85 views22 pages

Chandra: A Look at The Role of Relativity in Cluster Formation

This document discusses the role of the Chandra X-ray Observatory in studying dark matter and dark energy through galaxy cluster observations. It provides an overview of Chandra's instrumentation and scientific goals, which include developing models of the expanding universe and incorporating dark matter and dark energy. The document outlines how Chandra data, combined with other experiments, tightly constrains cosmological parameters like the matter density Ωm and dark energy equation of state w. Future goals are to further improve measurements of these parameters and the halo mass function to test gravitational theories.

Uploaded by

Will Cunningham
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

CHANDRA

A Look at the Role of Relativity in Cluster Formation


Will Cunningham

Image: Crab Nebula (Chandra)

Motivation: Dark Matter


Dark Matter Halos
Warped Galactic Speed Particle Physics Neutrino Effects Supersymmetry

Source: Wikimedia Commons

Image: Grand Spiral Galaxy (VLT)

Motivation: Dark Energy


Accelerating Expansion
CDM Model
= 1 4 2

f R Gravity
= + 1+
2

1 8 = 4 2

1 + 2 =

Image: Grand Spiral Galaxy (VLT)

Scientific Goals
1. Develop a model to explain the expansion of the universe. 2. Explain and/or incorporate dark matter and dark energy at the macroscopic scale. 3. Identify possible higher-order terms to increase the accuracy of gravitational theory. 4. Minimize the degrees of freedom of the Hamiltonian of the universe.
Image: Stephan's Quintet (Chandra)

Contemporary Experiments
Sloan Digital Sky Survey
2000 present

Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe


2001 present

XMM-Newton
1999 present

Image: Simulation of Dark Energy Source: Millennium Simulation Project

Chandra at NASA
Mission Specifications Project Proposal: 1976 Launch Date: 23 July 1999 Planned Length: 5 years Weight: 23,000 kg Width: 45 feet Orbital Period: 64 hours Apogee: 139,000 km Mission Budget Development: $1.65B Launch: $350M Operations & Analysis:
Years 1-5: $750M Years 6-10: $245M

3 3-Year Packages:
$172M in 2010 $172M in 2013 $172M in 2016

Image: Earth (NASA Earth Observatory)

Chandra at Harvard
Chandra X-Ray Center at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory

Image: Artist's Rendering of Chandra (chandra.harvard.edu)

Instrumentation
Three Main Sections: 1. Telescope 2. Cameras & Spectrometers 3. Spacecraft

Lets take a closer look.


Images: Artists Rendering of Cygnus X-1 (left). Artists Rendering of the Quasar GB1508+5714 (right).

Telescope
Four pairs of mirrors plus a support structure

Image Source: [3] p. 227

Focal Plane Cameras


High Resolution Camera Uses two 10 cm square clusters
Each has 69 million cathode ray tubes

Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer

Uses an array of CCDs Can make images as well as measure photon energy

Image Source: [3] p. 232

Objective Transmission Grating Assemblies


High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer Low Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer

Mean spacing of 0.2 or 0.4 m Energy range of 0.4 to 10 keV

Mean spacing of 1.0 m Energy range of 0.08 to 2.0 keV

Both are fine gold lattices Both mounted on a toroidal ring structure
Image Source: chandra.harvard.edu

Spacecraft

Image Source: chandra.harvard.edu

Applications to Dark Matter


Masses of galaxy clusters may be inferred
Mass proxy variables

100+ clusters used to determine universal parameters: /


Fischer Matrix Technique
=

Beneficial to combine with power spectrum distribution and redshift distribution


Further constrains 8 , , , and
Image: Galaxy Cluster Abell 644 (Chandra)

1 2

Questions from Dark Energy


Negative pressure? Is dark energy the cosmological constant?
Relation to the dark energy equation of state parameter

What data and what quality of data is required?


Halo mass function
Image: Hydra A Galaxy Cluster (Chandra)

New Constraints

Constraints Cluster Data & Hubble Cluster Data & WMAP Cluster Data & SNeWMAP-BAO

-1.14 0.21 -1.08 0.15 -0.991 0.045

Source: [6] p. 1069

Combined Constraints

= 0.740 0.012

0 = 0.991 0.045

Source: [6] p. 1070

Sources of Uncertainty
Normalization of versus proxy relations Evolution factor for the relation Energetic processes in galactic cores

Image: Bullet Galaxy Cluster (Chandra)

What can we conclude?


When combined with other experimental methods, Chandras data provides a much greater degree of accuracy on dark matter and dark energy parameters The program could easily last for 20 years, and has become one of NASAs premier spacebased laboratories X-ray astronomy programs provide a precise method for determining unknown parameters

Which Gravitational Model?


Are either dark matter or dark energy a hidden parameter of general relativity, or do they represent independent phenomena?

Future Experimental Goals


More precise measurement of Continue to combine independent constraints Determine the form, shape, and the evolution of the halo mass function Improve the accuracy of the relation

The Future of X-Ray Astronomy


XMM-Newton Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (2015) International X-Ray Observatory (2021)

Image: Artist's Rendering of IXO (nasa.gov)

Questions?

Sources:
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.

www.nasa.gov chandra.harvard.edu The Chandra X-Ray Observatory by Gordon P. Garmire. Published in the Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India (2011). f(R) Gravity and its Cosmological Implications by Hayato Motohashi, et. al. Published online at http://arxiv.org/pdf/1101.0716.pdf (2011). Self-Calibration in Cluster Studies of Dark Energy: Combining the Cluster Redshift Distribution, the Power Spectrum, and Mass Measurements by Subhabrata Majumdar, et. al. Published in The Astrophysical Journal (2004). Chandra Cluster Cosmology Project III: Cosmological Parameter Constraints by A. Vikhlinin, et. al. Published in the Astrophysical Journal (2009).

You might also like