Marine Invertebrates

MARE 171

Phylum Porifera
Organization Symmetry Segmentation Body Cavity

Cellular

Asymmetrical

No

None

PARAZOA

Phylum Porifera
So, you think youre sponge-worthy? - Elaine Benice

True tissues absent; sac with holes Sessile, benthic, 8,900 Marine; 100 FW
Spongocoel central cavity Ostia small pores (water in) Osculum large opening (water out)

PARAZOA

Phylum Porifera
Sponges grouped into four different classes according to skeletal structure:
Class Calcarea - the skeleton consists of individual spicules of calcium carbonate
Class Hexactinellida - have spicules of silica fused in a continuous latticework Class Demospongiae - has unfused silica spicules, AND/OR a tough, keratinlike protein called spongin

PARAZOA

Venus Flower Basket

Silica (Hexactinellida) Ponponine shrimp recruit to sponge as larvae; carryout life-cycle within sponge

Phylum Cnidaria
Organization
Tissue

Symmetry
Radial

Segmentation
No

Body Cavity
None

RADIATA

Phylum Cnidaria

Have diploblastic germ layers, radial symmetry, a gastrovascular cavity, & cnidocytes -Cavity functions as mouth & anus 2 Life Stages: Polyp & Medusa

RADIATA

Phylum Cnidaria

Tentacles have batteries of Cnidocytes -Contain Cnidae organelles that can evert Nematocysts stinging capsules are cnidae

RADIATA

Phylum Cnidaria
There are four major Classes of cnidarians:

Class Anthozoa - includes true corals, anemones,

and sea pens

Class Cubozoa - box jellies with complex eyes and

potent toxins

Class Hydrozoa - most diverse group with

siphonophores, hydroids, fire corals, and many medusae

Class Scyphozoa - true jellyfish

RADIATA

Phylum Cnidaria

Class Anthozoa
Probably the most famous cnidarians: Include corals, sea anemones, sea fans, & sea pens Can form reefs (hermatypic corals) Can live in deep ocean, very cold (ahermatypic corals)

RADIATA

Phylum Cnidaria

Class Anthozoa
Lack medusa stage entirely
Sexual repro: spawning Asexual repro: budding

Mouth w/ tubular pharynx that projects inward to gut Hexamerous or octamerous radial symmetry or biradial (modified radial

symmetry that limits the # of planes that can divide the body into equal halves)

RADIATA

Phylum Cnidaria

Class Cubozoa
They taste like burning Ralph Wiggum

Similar in form to the "true" jellyfish

Different shape: square when viewed from above -Have four evenly spaced out tentacles or bunches of tentacles & well-developed eyes
(Tetramerous radial symmetry)

20 known spp found in tropical & semitropical waters

The Australian stinger Chironex fleckeri is among the deadliest creatures in the world, having caused human fatalities

RADIATA

Phylum Cnidaria

Class Cubozoa
Box Jellies Medusa dominant
Polyp stage develops directly into medusa

Statocysts Very poisonous Carybdea alata: Species found in HI, not deadly
Present 10 days after full moon Caribbean origin, 1800s introballast water?

RADIATA

Phylum Cnidaria

Class Hydrozoa
Hydra, Sea Serpents Life cycle w/ both medusa & polyps (Polyp dominant)
Hydra have ONLY polyp stage

Simple gut cavity Radial Symmetry Solitary or Colonial Asexual or Sexual reproduction Includes Hydroids or Stinging Limu, fire coral, blue buttons, By-the-wind Sailors

RADIATA

Phylum Cnidaria

Man-of-War is a Hydrozoan !
Paimalau

4 Different Hydrozoans: 1. The float, or pneumatophore 2. The tentacles, or dactylozooids 3. The digestive polyps, or gastrozooids 4. The reproductive polyps, or gonozooids

RADIATA

Phylum Cnidaria
Those whack invertebrates will sting you, old-school! one of those freaking N-Sync bastards referring to jellyfish

Class Scyphozoa

True sea jellies, or jellyfish Despite often enormous sizeno head, no skeleton, & no special organs for respiration or excretion Life cycle medusa dominant Tetramerous radial symmetry Jellyfish range in size 12mm 2 m
The largest (Cyanea arctica); tentacles >40m (131 ft) !!

Gut cells divided into complex radial canals Specialized sensory cells w/ statocysts

Phylum Ctenophora
Organization
Tissue

Symmetry
Radial

Segmentation
No

Body Cavity
None

RADIATA

Phylum Ctenophora

Comb Jellies, Sea Gooseberries, Sea Walnuts, or Venus's Girdles :

Exclusively Marine Gelatinous body w/ 8 rows of ciliary combs (comb rows) Many bioluminescent Mostly Hermaphroditic Carnivores large swarms consume many fish larvae & plankton daily
Colloblasts: Sticky cells at end of 2 tentacles captures prey Few may have nematocysts (obtained from jellies?)

Phylum Platyhelminthes
Organization Symmetry Segmentation Body Cavity

Organ System

Bilateral

No

None / Acoelomate

Phylum Platyhelminthes
Polyclad flatworms - a group of large, free-living or parasitic Marine flatworms are mainly found in tropical coral reefs Triploblastic 3 Classes: Trematoda (flukes), Cestoda (tape worms), Turbellaria (include marine flatworms)

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Class Trematoda

Flukes Live as parasites on or in other animals (including corals) Require intermediate host

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Class Cestoda
Tapeworms Parasites of the digestive system of vertebrates (including
tuna, sharks, rays, salmon, rockfish, bass, perch, etc.)

Digestive system absent food digested by host

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Class Turbellaria
Mostly free-living (non-parasitic) & marine Lack specialize organs for gas exchange & circulation Body surface ciliated for locomotion
Can excrete mucus

Are often mistaken for sea slugs because of their brilliant color patterns.

Phylum Nemertea
Organization Symmetry Segmentation Body Cavity

Organ System

Bilateral

No

Proboscis cavity / Structurally Acoelomate

Phylum Nemertea
Ribbon worms most occur in first 20cm of sand, burrowing below surface
have an eversible proboscis which they use to catch small prey proboscis is known to be poisonous in some spp, may be armed (stylet)
Fragment or dioecious Typically nocturnal Length averages 140cm (~4 ft) BUT can be up to 100 ft Most marine; few FW or Terrestrial

Phylum Nemertea

Phylum Nematoda
Organization
Organ System

Symmetry
Bilateral

Segmentation
No

Body Cavity
Pseudocoelom

Phylum Nematoda
ROUNDWORMS Round bodied, elongate, cylindrical & unsegmented Pseudocoelomates: -complete digestive tract w/ mouth/anus -longitudinal muscle layer just inside epidermis -hydrostatic skeleton -fluid in psuedocoel serves both circulatory & respiratory functions Covered with a thick, chemical resistant cuticle, capable of being shed

Phylum Nematoda
Many of the parasitic spp cause important diseases of plants, animals, and humans Other spp are beneficial in attacking insect pests, mostly sterilizing or otherwise debilitating their hosts

Phylum Annelida
Organization Symmetry Segmentation Body Cavity

Organ System

Bilateral

Yes

CoelomProtostome

Phylum Annelida
Commonly referred to as segmented worms; internal & external segments, setae, hydrostatic skeletons Split into 3 major groups; Polychaeta (polychaetes), Oligochaeta (earthworms etc.) and Hirudinea (leeches)

Phylum Annelida
Class Polychaeta - bulk of Annelida -found in nearly every
marine habitat, from intertidal algal mats, pelagic, benthic -errant or sedentary -dioecious or regeneration
-well-developed head, simple eyes -Parapodia lateral flap, paddle-like appendage on each segment -Setae on each parapodia are bristle-like hairs *These features aid in swimming, burrowing, sites for gas exchange*

Phylum Annelida
Pogonophorans gutless polychaete tubeworms - may be oldest living animals 1.5m in the sea (over 200 yrs old) long
*Segmented at very end of body*

-Have endosymbionts bacteria in a sac in body that produce organic matter via chemosynthesis (use chemical energy to produce organic matter instead of suns energy) -Indonesia

Setae /

Phylum Sipuncula
Organization
Organ System

Symmetry
Bilateral

Segmentation
No

Body Cavity
CoelomProtostome

Peanut worms" because some have general shape of shelled peanuts

*Not particularly well studied

Phylum Sipuncula

Only ~320 spp have been formally described, all marine & mostly from shallow waters. Proboscis w/ring of tentacles -mucus Dioecious, spawn

Phylum Sipuncula
Burrow into sand & mud, live in crevices in rocks, empty shells, or bore into rock. Found in Hawaii Part of Reef Triggerfishs diet

Species of the Day

Common Name: Upside-down Jellyfish

Scientific Name: Cassiopea andromeda

Hawaiian Name: Pololia
Introduced to Hawaii, probably ballast water of ships