Programming with C+
+
Variables and Operators
Comments
// my first program in C++
Comments are parts of the source code disregarded by the compiler. They simply do nothing. Their
purpose is only to allow the programmer to insert notes or descriptions embedded within the source
code.
C++ supports two ways to insert comments:
// line comment /* my second program in C++
/* block comment */ with more comments */
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
cout << "Hello World! "; // prints Hello World!
cout << "Its a C++ program"; // prints I'm a C++ program
return 0;
}
Hello World! Its a C++ program
cout <<
Output operator
cout << "Hello World “ ;
insertion operator (<<)
cout << "Hello“ ;
cout << “World “ ;
cout << "Hello \n World “ ;
cout << “hello"<< "\n" << “world" ;
cout << “hello"<< endl << “world" ;
Escape sequences/Backslash codes
Variables
We might want to give a value a name so we can refer to it later. We do this using variables. A
variable is a named location in memory
Names are made up of letters and digits
The first character must be a letter
The Underscore ( _ ) counts as a letter.
they cannot match any keyword of the C++ language
1. _
2. a-z
3. A-Z
4. 0-9 (we cannot start with number but can be
used anywhere after )
The standard reserved keywords
Very important!!
The C++ language is a "case sensitive” language. Thus, for example, the RESULT
variable is not the same as the result variable.
Example of some wrong variable names
a) 9times
b) Last + name
c) Short - fall
d) float
e) ME 3002
But _ME3002 , int_big are a valid variable name
FUNDAMENTAL DATA TYPES
When programming, we store the variables in our computer's memory,
but the computer has to know what kind data we want to store in them,
since it is not going to occupy the same amount of memory to store a
simple number than to store a single letter or a large number, and they
are not going to be interpreted the same way.
Data type Size
char 1Byte or 8 bit
int 2 Byte or 16 bit
float 4 Byte or 32 bit
double 8 Byte or 64 bit
DECLARATION OF VARIABLES
In order to use a variable in C++, we must first declare it specifying which data type
we want it to be.
Syntax: type valid identifier name
For example:
Initialization of variables
// initialization of variables
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
int a=5; // initial value = 5
int b(2); // initial value = 2 6
int result; // initial value undetermined
a = a + 3;
result = a- b;
cout << result;
return 0;
}
Constant (#define)
Constants are expressions with a fixed value.
You can define your own names for constants by using the #define preprocessor directive .
Its syntax is: #define identifier value
// defined constants: calculate
circumference
#include <iostream>
#define PI 3.14159
using namespace std;
#define PI 3.14159
int main ()
31.4159 {
double r=5.0; // radius
double circle;
circle = 2 * PI * r;
cout << circle;
return 0;
}
Operators
Assignment (=): The assignment operator assigns a value to a variable.
// assignment operator
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
int a, b; // a:?, b:?
a = 10; // a:10, b:?
b = 4; // a:10, b:4 a: 4 b:7
a = b; // a:4, b:4
b = 7; // a:4, b:7
cout << "a:";
cout << a;
cout << " b:";
cout << b;
return 0;
}
Arithmetic operators ( +, -,
*, /, % )
Modulo or modulus is the operation that gives the remainder of a
division of two values. For example, if we write:
a = 11%3; ans will be 2
COMPOUND ASSIGNMENT
(+=, -=, *=, /=, %=, >>=, <<=, &=, ^=, |=)
Increase and decrease (++,
--)
C++; C--;
C+=1; C-=1;
C=C+1; C=C-1;
In Example 1, B is increased before its value is copied to A. While in Example 2, the value
of B is copied to A and then B is increased.
#include<iostream> #include<iostream>
using namespace std; using namespace std;
int main () int main ()
{ {
int x, y; OUTPUT 5 int x, y; OUTPUT 6
x=5; x=5;
y = x++; y = ++x;
cout <<y; cout <<y;
return 0; return 0;
} }
Relational Operator ( ==, !=, >, <, >=, <= )
In order to evaluate a comparison between two expressions .The result of a relational operation is
a Boolean value that can only be true or false,
Logical operators ( !, &&, || )
The logical operators are often used to combine relational expressions into
more complicated Boolean expressions.
The operators return true or false, according to the rules of logic.
Precedence of operators
When writing complex expressions with several operands, we may have some doubts about which operand is
evaluated first and which later. For example, in this expression:
a=5+7%2 ?
Standard Input (cin>>)
// i/o example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
int i;
cout << “enter an value: ";
cin >> i;
cout << "The value you entered is " << i;
cout << " and its double is " << i*2 << ".\n";
return 0;
}
THANK YOU
