CLEANING

&
WASHING
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CLEANING ACTION

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 CLEANING
• Cleaning of your body, clothes, utensils, hair
and pets is a common observation and
practice of everyone now a days. Some sort of
soap, shampoo or detergent is usually used for
this purpose.
• Soap is a chemical that mankind has been
making and using for cleaning purpose since
very long time. Let we see how it works. But
before describing “cleaning” we must tell you
about a concerned property of water that is
Surface Tension. 3
 SURFACE TENSION

WATER BEAD ON A TABLE A DROP OF SURFACTANT IS ADDED

WATER DROP IS FLATTENED

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Insects Walk on Water Surface due to
Surface Tension

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A Paper Clip can Float

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 SURFACE TENSION AND CLEANING

• Water has a property called surface tension. This

tension causes water to form a bead on the surface
of things like glass or fabric.

• In order to clean the dirt on our clothes, the water

needs to be able to reach the surface. Water is able
to get to the surface if surface tension is reduced. To
do this, we use a group of chemicals called surface
active agents, or surfactants.
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 WHAT IS A SRFACTANT?
• Surfactants reduce the surface tension of water
considerable and enables water to penetrate a
surface. Surfactants change the behavior of
water. When a surfactant is added, the surface
tension is reduced. Now water can spread out
and wet the surface (e.g., clothes, dishes,
counter tops) we are trying to clean.
• Soaps, detergents, shampoos and wetting agents
are all surfactants.
• Soap is the oldest SURFACTANT under the use of
human kind. 8
SOAP

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 HISTORY OF SOAP
• Evidence has been found that ancient
Babylonians understood soap making as early
as 2800 BC. Archeologists have found soap-like
materials in historic clay cylinders from this
time. These cylinders were inscribed with
what we understand as saying, “fats boiled
with ashes”

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SOAP IN OLD CIVILIZATIONS

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 HISTORY OF SOAP
• Records show ancient Egyptians bathed regularly.
The Ebers papyrus, a medical document from about
1500 BC describes combining animal and vegetable
oils with alkaline salts to form a soap-like material
used for treating skin diseases, as well as for
washing.

• Many other ancient civilizations also used early

forms of soap. Soap got its name from an ancient
Roman legend about Mount Sapo.
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 The word “Soap” is Tied to a Roman Legend

• According to legend, soap’s name comes from

Mount Sapo in Rome. When animal sacrifices
happened on the mountaintop, wood ashes and
animal fat flowed down, mixed with river water,
and produced soap that women used to wash
clothes.

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 SOAPS TO DETERGENTS
• During World War I and again in World War II,
there was a shortage of animal and vegetable
fats and oils that were used in making soap.
Chemists had to use other raw materials instead,
which were “synthesized” into chemicals with
similar properties. Different petroleum fractions
and synthetic long chain hydrocarbons were used
instead of natural oils and fats. The products
obtained from these synthetic hydrocarbons
known today as “detergents.”
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 What are Soaps chemically?
• Everything which cleans may be called a soap
or surfactant---------Surface active reagents
which are able to clean.
• You know that SALT is always an outcome of
Acid-base reaction as NaCl. Soaps are also
salts of Acids and Basis.
• Soaps are salts of fatty acids and sodium or
potassium hydroxide.

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 SOAPS
• Soaps are the sodium or potassium salts of oils or
fatty acids like
• Sodium stearate…………….. ( from stearic acid)
• sodium oliate…………………. (from Oleic acid)
• sodium palmitate…………… ( from palmitic acid)
• These salts have cleaning action due to their
chemical structure.
• The reaction of fatty acids with Alkali is called
SPONIFICATION
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SPONIFICATION

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SPONIFICATION

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HOW WE REPRESENT A SOAP MOLECULE

A SOAP MOLECULE
Hydrophilic

LONG HYDROCARBON CHAIN

Hydrophobic

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A SOAP MOLECULE POLAR
POLAR
END

NON POLAR
END22
 How Soap Works
• Normally, oil and water don't mix, so they
separate into two different layers. Soap breaks
up the oil into smaller drops, which can mix with
the water. It works because soap is made up of
molecules with two very different ends. One
end of soap molecules “love water” - they are
hydrophilic. The other end of soap molecules
“hate water” - they are hydrophobic.

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 How Soap Works

OIL DROP

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 How Soap Works
• Hydrophobic ends of soap molecule all attach
to the oil. Hydrophilic ends stick out into the
water. This causes a tiny drop of oil to form.
These drops of oil are suspended in the water.
This is how soap cleans your hands - it causes
drops “Micelles” of grease and dirt to be
pulled off your hands and suspended in water.
These micelles are washed away when you
rinse your hands.

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A MICELLE
SOAP MOLECULES

OIL

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HOW SOAP BUBBLES ARE FORMED

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 SOAP BUBBLE FORMATION
• So when soap encounters water, the heads of
the molecules bind to water molecules. This
causes the soap-water mixture to assemble
into bubbles containing trapped water
molecules bound by soap molecule heads, and
air trapped at the center of the molecule.

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SOAP BUBBLE FORMATION

AIR

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SOAP BUBBLE FORMATION

A B
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 Different Types of Soaps
1. Toilet Soap or Bathing Soaps
2. Non-Toilet Soaps
3. Laundry Soaps
4. Medicated or Antibacterial Soaps
5. Beauty Soaps
6. Liquid Soaps
7. Animal or Pet Soaps
8. Transparent Soaps
9. Glycerin Soaps
10.Metallic Soap 32
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Wash hands with soap to avoid Covid-19

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 DISADVANTAGES OF SOAP
• Although soaps are excellent cleansers, they do
have disadvantages. As salts of weak acids, they are
converted by mineral acids into free fatty acids:

CH3(CH2)16CO2- Na+ + HCl → CH3(CH2)16CO2H + Na+ + Cl-

• These fatty acids are less soluble than the sodium or

potassium salts and form a precipitate or soap
scum. Because of this, soaps are ineffective in acidic
water.
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 DISADVANTAGES OF SOAP

• Another disadvantage is that soaps form insoluble

salts in hard water, such as water containing
magnesium, calcium, or iron.

2 CH3(CH2)16CO2-Na+ + Mg2+ → [CH3(CH2)16CO2-]2Mg2+ + 2 Na+

• The insoluble salts form bathtub rings, leave films

that reduce hair luster, and gray/roughen textiles
after repeated washings.
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DETERGENTS

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 DETERGENT
• A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of
surfactants with cleansing properties in
dilute solutions.
• These substances are usually alkylbenzene
sulfonates, a family of compounds that are
similar to soap but are more soluble in hard
water, because the polar sulfonate groups
which are less likely than the polar
carboxylate (of soap) to bind to calcium and
other ions found in hard water. 38
A DETERGENT

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A SOAP AND A DETERGENT MOLECULE

SOAP MOLECULE

A DETERGENT

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 WHY DETERGENTS?

• Detergents do not need Oils and Fats, hence no

burden on plants and animals
• Detergents are more soluble in all types of waters
and better cleaning action
• Detergents can work in Acidic and Basic media,
which soaps can not do.
• Detergents can be used in solid, gel and liquid
forms.
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SHAMPOOS

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 SHAMPOOS
• Shampoos are cleaning agents mainly
employed for hair washing. Although there are
other applications also like car washing, pet
washing and carpet washing. Shampoos are
composed primarily of chemicals called
surfactants that have the special ability to
surround oily materials on surfaces and allow
them to be rinsed away by water

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 Composition of a normal shampoo
Ingredient Function % (w/w)

Sodium lauryl sulfate Primary surfactant for lathering and 16.0

cleansing

Cocamidopropyl betaine Cosurfactant for lathering 2.0

Cocamide MEA Cosurfactant for lathering 2.0

Glycol distearate Pearling agent 1.5

Dimethicone Conditioning agent for dry hair 1.0

Guar hydroxypropyltrimonium Conditioning agent for wet hair 0.5

chloride

Citric acid pH adjuster qs

Sodium chloride Viscosity booster qs

Preservatives Preservation qs

Perfume Fragrance qs

Deionized water Solvent qs to 100 44

 SHAMPOOS
• The typical reason of using shampoo is to remove
the unwanted build-up of sebum in the hair
without stripping out so much as to make hair
unmanageable. Shampoo is generally made by
combining a surfactant, most often sodium lauryl
sulfate , with one or more co-surfactants like
cocamidopropyl betaine in water. The sulphate
ingredient acts as a surfactant, essentially heavy-
duty soap that makes it easier to trap oil and
grease.
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 Sodium Lauryl Sulphate

(SLS IS ALSO USED IN TOOTHPASTES AS CLEANING AGENT)

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TOOTHPASTE

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 TOOTHPASTE
Do you wonder that what chemicals are on the paste
that cleans and shines our teeth and protects it from
germs? We have seen and used many kinds of
toothpastes. What people in ancient times used to
clean teeth? So toothpaste uses chemicals like
Fluoride,
Calcium salt,
Saccharin,
SLS,
Menthol,
Starch and glycerin. 48
 TOOTHPASTE
• Toothpaste is a gel or a paste used with a
toothbrush to clean and maintain the
aesthetics and health of teeth. Toothpaste is
used to promote oral hygiene: it is an abrasive
that aids in removing dental plaque and food
from the teeth, assists in suppressing halitosis,
and delivers active ingredients like fluoride to
help prevent tooth decay and gum disease.

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CLEAN TEETH ADD IN BEAUTY

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 Ingredients of a Toothpaste
• Precipitated Chalk- 58.75%,
• Glycerin-28.60%,
• Starch-1.10%,
• Soap (SLS)- 5%,
• Mineral oil- 0.25%,
• Saccharin- 0.03%,
• Menthol- 0.03%,
• Oil of eucalyptus- 0.11%,
• Methyl Salicylate- 0.11%,
• Oil of Peppermint- 0.40%
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• Antibacterial Agent
WASH HANDS TO AVOID COVID-19

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