First Aid Awareness

Mr. Hamza Nasir

Occupational Health and Safety (CH161)

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences & Technology 1
 • Date & Time: March 2025 (starts at 9:15 PM)
• Venue: Brabers Building
First Quiz • Syllabus: Lecture 1- Lecture 6
Announcement • Method of Evaluation- (Short Questions and/or
MCQ’s)
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First Aid Awareness

First Aid is the assistance or treatment given to a casualty

First Aid: for any injury or sudden illness before the arrival of an

ambulance or qualified medical expert. It may involve

improvising with facilities and materials available at the

time.
 Preserve life
Aim of
First Aid  Prevent worsening
 Promote recovery
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Every medical emergency is different, of course
Four Basic Rules

1. Call for help immediately

2. Bring help to the victim

2. Call
1. Bring
3. forhelp
4. Check
Do help
no toimmediately
the the victim
ABCs
further harm
3. Check the ABCs

4. Do no further harm
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5 Steps of First Aid
If you are the first person on the scene of an accident, the future
survival of the victim may depend on what you do or don't do in the
firstmust:
You few moments.

1. Assess
2. Protect
3. Examine
4. Alert
5. Assist

You should only provide First Aid after completing the first four steps!
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1- Assess the Scene

Evaluate the scene

Assess safety

Prioritize care

Check for medical alert tags

Do head-to-toe check

Move only if necessary

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2 - Prot e ct

Protect yourself and the injured person.

• Avoid another accident by eliminating
the cause.
• Turn off the electricity to the
equipment.
• Have someone control traffic.
• Keep bystanders away from the scene
of the accident.
• Extinguish the fire, if possible,
without putting yourself in danger.
• Protect yourself against bloodborne
pathogens (such as AIDS and
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3 - Examine the victim

A- Look for severe external bleeding

B- Check for responsiveness & unconsciousness
C- Check for breathing

D- Check for circulation/pulse

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A- Look for Severe External Bleeding

• Loss of blood may be fatal

• Arterial bleeding from the
femoral artery can cause
death in two minutes!

3 - Examine the
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B - Check For Responsiveness/ Unconsciousness

Ask simple questions

“Can you hear
me?”
Give simple orders
“Press my hand.”
If there is no reply and no response, the victim is unconscious.

3 - Examine the
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C - Check For Breathing

Look - Listen - Feel

3 - Examine the
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D - Check For Circulation/Pulse

Check the pulse at the neck = carotid

pulse

Finding
a
the carotid pulse:
b c Pulse

3 - Examine the
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4 - Alert
Call for assistance or have someone alert the emergency medical
service promptly.
Always provide the following information:
• Exact location or address of the accident or incident.
• Telephone number where you can be reached.
• Number of people involved.
• Nature of injuries (e.g., fractures, burns, etc.).
• Indication of the seriousness of the injuries (e.g., breathing or not,
etc.).
• Details about any first aid that has been provided.
Do not hang up until you are sure that the person at the other end has all the
info and have them repeat the address to send assistance!
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5- Treat the Victim

1- Control Blood Loss

2- Open the Airway

3- Give Artificial Ventilation CPR

4- Give External Chest Compressions (ECC)

5- Place in the Recovery Position

6- Keep under Observation

CPR: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
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1-Treating: Control Blood Loss

A- Fo r I m p o r t a n t B u t N o n - c o m p l i c a t e d E x t e r n a l
Bleeding:
• Apply direct pressure on the wound.
• Avoid direct contact with blood (gloves, gauze,
handkerchief, etc.)

5- Treat the Victim

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1-Treating: Control Blood Loss

Bleeding:

• Stop the flow of blood

• Wear gloves
• Cover the wound
• Apply pressure
• Put it on ice

5- Treat the Victim

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1-Treating: Control Blood Loss

B- Fo r I m p o r t a n t B u t C o m p l i c a t e d E x t e r n a l B l e e d i n g :
(associated with a fracture or foreign body):
 “Use Indirect Pressure” Brachial

This requires applying pressure to the

appropriate pressure point. Femoral

• Brachial pressure point = Inner part of the upper arm

(Used to stop bleeding in hand, forearm and arm)
• Fe m o r a l p r e s s u r e p o i n t = G r o i n
(Used to stop bleeding in thigh, leg, foot)

5- Treat the Victim

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1-Treating: Control Blood Loss
 C- TOURNIQUET
Cardiopulmonary
Place a Tourniquet ONLY if: Resuscitation

• Bleeding is profuse and the pressure point is ineffective

or impossible to achieve.
• You are alone and cannot apply a pressure point and
perform CPR at the same time.
• There is no other choice as in the case of an amputated
limb.
Lay the injured person down. Note the time at which the tourniquet was placed,
and write it on his forehead.
Never Remove A Tourniquet Once It Has Been Placed.
5- Treat the Victim
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2-Treating: Opening the Airways

For an unconscious casualty who is not breathing:

• Give two inflations immediately
• Check carotid pulse
• Open the airway if the first two inflations
are ineffective:
 Check tongue’s position
 Use fingers to remove obstruction
 Tilt up chin

5- Treat the Victim

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2-Treating: Opening the Airways

If casualty is unconscious:
• Free the airway by using the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver. This
places the tongue to open the airway.

Tongue

Airway
Head-tilt, Chin-lift Maneuver

5- Treat the Victim

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3-Treating: Artificial Ventilation

• The first aider pinches the casualty’s nostrils with the hand placed on the
casualty’s forehead, opens his mouth wide, takes a deep breath, and applies
his mouth around the casualty’s making sure that there is a tight seal
between his lips and the patient's face.

• Mouth to mouth or mouth to nose 12 to 15 inflations per minutes (adult).

The duration of each inflation
Check to make sure that the chest is rising.
is approximately 2 seconds.

5- Treat the Victim

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4-Treating: External Chest Compressions
The victim is unconscious, and is not breathing

No Pulse = No Heartbeat
• External Chest Compressions must be delivered to keep the blood
circulating

• Without a proper blood supply to the brain, DEATH results in 3 minutes!

Heart

Deliver compressions
straight down
Use the heel of
the hand for Center of the breastbone Lungs
ECC  Locating the External Chest Compression site

5- Treat the Victim

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4-Treating: External Chest Compressions

External Chest Compression is very dangerous on a person having a normal

heartbeat.
ONLY PRACTICE EXTERNAL CHEST COMPRESSION ON A MANNEQUIN.

5- Treat the Victim

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4-Treating: CPR
CPR can be done
Artificial Ventilation + External Chest by one or two
Compression = Cardiopulmonary first aiders:
1. If two first
• CPR is required when there
Resuscitation (CPR) + No carotid pulse
is → No breathing aiders: 5 ECC for
• Once started, CPR must be continued until emergency medical 1 Artificial
ventilation.
services arrive or until the victim’s heart starts up again. 2. If one first aider:
15 ECC for 2
• If spontaneous breathing has also restarted → keep under Artificial
ventilation.
observation.
• If spontaneous breathing has NOT restarted → continue
Artificial Ventilation and check pulse regularly.

5- Treat the Victim

4-Treating: CPR
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5-Treating: The Recovery Position

For the unconscious casualty who is breathing and who has a pulse.

Prevent obstruction of the airway by saliva or the tongue.

5- Treat the Victim

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6-Treating: Keep under observation

• Check breathing and pulse every few minutes.

• Cover the victim with a blanket to keep him warm and avoid shock.

• Stay with the victim until emergency services arrive.

5- Treat the Victim

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Other Basic Things To Know

Other Injuries Moving the Casualty

o Choking o When?

o Burns o How?

o Fractures
o Bites
 Other Injuries 29
1- Choking
 Choking → Airway obstruction
 Re q u i r e s t h e H e i m l i c h M a n e u v e r

1. Ask a person to speak or 3. Perform abdominal thrusts

cough 4. Repeat sequence of back blows & abdominal
1- Choking
 Other Injuries 31
1- Choking

If Abdominal Thrusts Don’t Work

• Call HELP
• Finger sweep
• Abdominal
thrusts
• Check ABCs
• Perform CPR if
 Other Injuries 32
2- Eye Injury

• Splashes
• Particles in eye
• Blow to eye
• Cuts near eye
• Penetrating
objects
Don’t let the victim rub the eye.
 Other Injuries 33
3 - B u rn s

Epidermi
s

Dermis

Tissues
Thermal Burn Electrical Burn

• Carefully remove clothing, especially

when chemicals are involved.
• Cool the burnt area with cold water for
at least 10 minutes which will reduce
Chemical Burn pain, swelling and the risk of scarring.
 Other Injuries 34
4 - Heat Exhaustion

• Move to a cool place

• Lay victim down
• Elevate feet
• Loosen clothing
• Give fluids
• Apply cool
compresses
 Other Injuries 35
5 - Fr a c t u re s

• Immobilize the fractured limb

• Immobilize the head if a fracture of the neck is
suspected

Whenever possible, never move an injured person before immobilization of fractured bone.

Immobilize the fractured bone by splintage.

 Other Injuries 36
6- Bites
 Snake bites and Scorpion stings

• Immobilize the entire limb.

• Calm the victim.
• Advise the victim not to move.
• Transport to a medical facility.
• Do not cut or suck the wound.
• Anti-snake venom should only be administered by
a qualified medical professional.
• Immobilize the affected part, but do not elevate it.
• Clean the wound with soap and water if available
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Moving a casualty urgently
When?
Only when the life of the injured person
(and sometimes of the rescuer) is in
greater danger than if not removed.
How ?
1- If you are alone and there is a flat surface:
The foot drag

2- If you are alone and there are obstacles on the ground:

The wrist drag
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Moving a casualty urgently
Always ask yourself if it is really necessary to move the injured person.
3- If more than one first aider:
Move as a block

4- If you are alone and need to

get the victim out of a vehicle.
• Switch off ignition.
• Look at the car damage.
It will indicate how
severely the person is
injured.
Importance
of CPR
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Match the problem with the correct first-aid procedure.

Bleeding CPR
Choking Elevate feet
No breathing Keep victim still
Heart attack
Direct pressure
Shock
Abdominal thrusts
Sweeten deal
 Multiple choice

Which is the worst a. First degree

kind of burn? b. Third degree
For a particle in a. Flush with water
the eye: b. Rub eye
For inhalation of a. Induce vomiting
vapors or gases: b. Move to fresh air
For heatstroke:
a. Call HELP
b. Don’t call HELP
Thank
You