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Switching TECH

The document discusses three common switching techniques used for digital traffic: circuit switching, message switching, and packet switching. Circuit switching establishes a dedicated end-to-end connection between sender and receiver. Message switching breaks messages into parts that are stored and forwarded between nodes without a dedicated connection. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that are transmitted independently and reassembled at the destination.

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Manik Kamboj
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49 views12 pages

Switching TECH

The document discusses three common switching techniques used for digital traffic: circuit switching, message switching, and packet switching. Circuit switching establishes a dedicated end-to-end connection between sender and receiver. Message switching breaks messages into parts that are stored and forwarded between nodes without a dedicated connection. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that are transmitted independently and reassembled at the destination.

Uploaded by

Manik Kamboj
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Switching Techniques

In large networks there might be multiple paths linking sender and receiver. Information may be switched as it travels through various communication channels. There are three typical switching techniques available for digital traffic. Circuit Switching Message Switching Packet Switching

Circuit Switching
Circuit switching is a technique that connects the sender and the receiver in an unbroken path. Telephone switching equipment, for example, establishes a path that connects the caller's telephone to the receiver's telephone by making a physical connection. With this type of switching technique, once a connection is established, a dedicated path exists between both ends until the connection is terminated. Routing decisions must be made when the circuit is first established.

Circuit Switching
Circuit switching in a network operates almost the same way as the telephone system works. A complete end-to-end path must exist before communication can take place. The computer initiating the data transfer must ask for a connection to the destination. Once the connection has been initiated and completed to the destination device, the destination device must acknowledge that it is ready and willing to carry on a transfer.

Circuit switching
Advantages: The communication channel (once established) is dedicated. Disadvantages: Possible long wait to establish a connection, (10 seconds, more on long- distance or international calls.) during which no data can be transmitted. More expensive than any other switching techniques, because a dedicated path is required for each connection.

Message Switching
With message switching there is no need to establish a dedicated path between two stations. When a station sends a message, the destination address is appended to the message. The message is then transmitted through the network, in its entirety, from node to node. Each node receives the entire message, stores it in its entirety on disk, and then transmits the message to the next node. This type of network is called a store-and-forward network.

Message Switching

A message-switching node is typically a general-purpose computer. The device needs sufficient secondary-storage capacity to store the incoming messages, which could be long. A time delay is introduced using this type of scheme due to store- and-forward time, plus the time required to find the next node in the transmission path.

Message Switching
Advantages: Channel efficiency can be greater compared to circuitswitched systems, because more devices are sharing the channel. Traffic congestion can be reduced, because messages may be temporarily stored in route. Message priorities can be established due to store-and-forward technique.

Message Switching
Disadvantages Message switching is not compatible with interactive applications. Store-and-forward devices are expensive, because they must have large disks to hold potentially long messages.

Packet Switching
Packet switching can be seen as a solution that tries to combine the advantages of message and circuit switching and to minimize the disadvantages of both.

Packet Switching
In packet switching method, a message is broken into small parts, called packets. Each packet is tagged with appropriate source and destination addresses. Since packets have a strictly defined maximum length, they can be stored in main memory instead of disk, therefore access delay and cost are minimized. Also the transmission speeds, between nodes, are optimized. With current technology, packets are generally accepted onto the network on a first-come, first-served basis. If the network becomes overloaded, packets are delayed or discarded (dropped).

Advantages of packet switching


Advantages: Packet switching is cost effective, because switching devices do not need massive amount of secondary storage. Packet switching offers improved delay characteristics, because there are no long messages in the queue (maximum packet size is fixed). Packet can be rerouted if there is any problem, such as, busy or disabled links. The advantage of packet switching is that many network users can share the same channel at the same time.

Disadvantages of packet switching


Disadvantages: Protocols for packet switching are typically more complex. It can add some initial costs in implementation. If packet is lost, sender needs to retransmit the data.

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