1

Faculty of
Computer and
Information
Sciences
Information Technology
Department
Principles of information and technology
systems - IT201

Lecture 7:Databases and Data

Warehouse
 Learning Objectives

Define general data

4
management
concepts and terms 2 Describe the database
models

1
describe the components
of a DBMS
3 Understand the relational
database model
 Learning Objectives

5
Identify and briefly
discuss
Data Warehouse, data
mart, and OLAP
En
d
Understand operations
on a relational
database based on SQL 6
commands
 Data Management

• Without data and the ability to process it:

o An organization could not successfully complete most
business activities

• Data consists of raw facts

• To transform data into useful information:

o It must first be organized in a meaningful way
 The Hierarchy of Data

Bit Byte Character Field

Circuit that is Typically made Basic building Name, number,
either on or off up of eight bits block of or combination
information of characters
 Database Systems
It is a collection of A database management
related, logically system (DBMS) defines,
coherent data used creates and maintains a
by the application database. The DBMS also
programs in an allows controlled access
organization to data in the database

Database
management
Database system
(DBMS)
 Database Management
Systems
• A DBMS is a combination of five components:

Hardware Software Data Users Procedures

 The Hierarchy of Data
(continued)
Hierarchy of Data Example

Personal file

Database Department file (Project database)

Payroll file

098 - 40 - 1370 Fiske, Steven 01 - 05 - 1958

Files 549 - 77 - 1001 Buckley, Bill 02- 17 - 1979 (Personal file)
005 - 10 - 6321 Johns, Francine 10 - 07 - 1997

(Record containing SSN, last

Records 098 - 40 - 1370 Fiske, Steven 01 - 05 - 1958
and first name, hire date)

Fields Fiske (Last name field)

Characters
1000110 (Letter F in ASCII)
(bytes)
 Database Models

1 2 3
Hierarchical Network Relational
Model Model Model
 Database Models

Hierarchical
Model

An example of the hierarchical model representing a university

Data is organized as an inverted tree.

Each entity has only one parent but can have several children.

At the top of the hierarchy, there is one entity, Called Root.

 Database Models
Department Students

Network
Model
Courses Professors

An example of the network model representing a university

The entities are organized in a graph.

Some entities can be accessed through several paths.

 Database Models

Relational
Model

An example of the relational model representing a university

data is organized in two-dimensional tables called relations.

The tables or relations are, however, related to each other.
 Relational Database Management System
(RDBMS)
• Data is represented as a set of relations.
• A relation appears as a two-dimensional table.

Entity Attribu Data

te item
Generalized class Each column in a
of people, places, relation is called an
attribute, which Specific value of
or things (objects)
represent the an attribute
for which data is
collected, stored, characteristic of an
and maintained entity
Relational Database Management System
(RDBMS)
 Relational Database Management System
(RDBMS)

Key Primary Key

Field or set of fields

in a record that is Field or set of fields
used to identify the that uniquely
record identifies the record
 Relational Database Model

1 2 3 4
Describes data Each row of a table Columns of the Domain:
using a standard represents a data table represent Allowable values
tabular format entity (record) attributes (fields) for data attributes
 Data Modeling

Enterprise data Entity-relationship

Data model modeling (ER) diagrams
Diagram of data Starts by Data models that
entities and their investigating the use basic graphical
relationships general data and symbols to show the
information needs organization of and
of the organization relationships
at the strategic level between data
 The Relational Database Model
Data Table 2: Department Table Data Table 1: Project Table
Dept. No Dept. name Manager SSN Project Description Dept. No
257 Accounting 005-10-6321 155 Payroll 257
632 Manufacturing 549-77-1001 498 Widgets 632
598 Marketing 098-40-1370 226 Sales manual 598

Data Table 3: Manager Table

SSN Last name First name Hire date Dept. No

005-10-6321 Johns Francine 10-07-1997 257

549-77-1001 Buckley Bill 02-17-1979 632

098-40-1370 Fiske Steven 01-05-1985 598

Operations in Relations

• In a relational database we can define several operations to

create new relations based on existing ones.

• We describe some of these operations as defined in the

database query language SQL (Structured Query Language).

o SQL is a declarative rather than procedural language,

which means that users declare what they want without
having to write a step-by-step procedure.
 SQL Operation

0 0 0 0 0
1 2 3 4 5

Insert Operation Delete Operation Update Operation Select Operation Join Operation
• Is a unary • Is a unary • Is a unary • Is a unary • Is a binary
operation. operation. operation. operation. operation.
• That is, applied to • The operation • That is applied to • The tuples (rows) • That combines
a single relation. deletes a record a single relation. in the resulting two relations on
• The operation defined by a • The operation relation are a common
inserts a new criterion from the changes the value subset of the attributes.
record into the relation. of some attributes tuples in the
relation. of a record (row). original relation.
 SQL Operation

Insert Operation

An example of a insert operation

 SQL Operation

Delete Operation

An example of a delete operation

 SQL Operation

Update Operation

An example of a update operation

 SQL Operation

Select Operation

An example of a select operation

 SQL Operation

Join Operation

An example of a join operation

 Selecting a Database Management System

Important
characteristic
s of
databases
Databas Vendor
e Size

Integratio
Database
n
Cost

Concurrent Performan
 Database Administration
(DBA)

Works with users to decide the content of

the database.

Works with programmers as they build

applications to ensure that their programs
comply with database management system
standards and conventions.
Popular DBMSs for end users

Microsoft FileMaker
Access Pro
 Database as a Service (DaaS)

Emerging database
system Database administration is
provided by the service provider

The database is stored on a service

provider’s servers and accessed by the
client over a network
 Data Warehouses

Database that holds business Allow roll up to take detailed

information from many data and generate aggregate or
sources in the enterprise. summary reports.

A data warehouse is designed

Allow managers to drill down
specifically to support management
to get more detail.
decision making

A data warehouse stores historical

data that has been extracted from
operational systems and external
data sources
 Data Mart

• A data mart is a subset of a data warehouse.

• Data marts bring the data warehouse
concept.
 Data Warehouses

Data warehouses typically start The data warehouse receives

out as very large databases, regular updates. Old data that is no
containing millions and even longer needed is purged from the
hundreds of millions of data data warehouse.
records.

As this data is collected from

It is common for a data warehouse
the various production systems,
to contain from 3-10 years of
a historical database is built
current and historical data.
that business analysts can use.
 Data Warehouses

Delete
unwanted data

Maintain
Automate data
0 data in a
database
collection and
Verification 0 3 0 managem
ent
2 4 system.

Merge
Data-
data from
many 0 cleaning
sources tools
 Elements of data warehouses

Relational Data Extraction Data Cleanup

Database Process Process

Flat Files

Spreadsheets Query and

Analysis tools Data
warehouses
 Data Warehouses ELT

Data
Warehouses
Extrac ELT
t

Load
Transfo
 Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)

A method of analyze multidimensional data from

1 many different perspectives.
Time
Dimension

2 Provides top-down, query-driven data analysis.

3 Requires
theories.
repetitive testing of user-originated

Geography
Requires a great deal of human Dimension
4 ingenuity and interaction with the
database to find information.
Metric
Dimension
 References

• Ralph Stair and George Reynolds, “Fundamentals of Information Systems”, ninth

edition, ISBN: 978-1-337-09904-2
• Behrouz Forouzan and Firouz Mosharraf, “Foundation of computer science”,
Chapter14