Cloud Computing and

Web Services
UNIT 3-Cloud Applications
• CloudSim
• OpenStack
• AWS
 Chapter 1: CloudSim
• Introduction to Simulator,
• understanding CloudSim simulator,
• CloudSim Architecture(User code, CloudSim, GridSim, SimJava)
Understanding Working platform for CloudSim,
• What is CloudSim?
• CloudSim is an open-source framework, which is used to simulate cloud
computing infrastructure and services. It is developed by the CLOUDS Lab
organization and is written entirely in Java. It is used for modelling and
simulating a cloud computing environment as a means for evaluating a
hypothesis prior to software development in order to reproduce tests and
results.
• For example, if you were to deploy an application or a website on the cloud
and wanted to test the services and load that your product can handle and
also tune its performance to overcome bottlenecks before risking
deployment, then such evaluations could be performed by simply coding a
simulation of that environment with the help of various flexible and
scalable classes provided by the CloudSim package, free of cost.
• Benefits of Simulation over the Actual Deployment:
• Following are the benefits of CloudSim:
• No capital investment involved. With a simulation tool like CloudSim there
is no installation or maintenance cost.
• Easy to use and Scalable. You can change the requirements such as adding
or deleting resources by changing just a few lines of code.
• Risks can be evaluated at an earlier stage. In Cloud Computing utilization of
real testbeds limits the experiments to the scale of the testbed and makes
the reproduction of results an extremely difficult undertaking. With
simulation, you can test your product against test cases and resolve issues
before actual deployment without any limitations.
• No need for try-and-error approaches. Instead of relying on theoretical and
imprecise evaluations which can lead to inefficient service performance and
revenue generation, you can test your services in a repeatable and
controlled environment free of cost with CloudSim.
• Why use CloudSim?
• Below are a few reasons to opt for CloudSim:
• Open source and free of cost, so it favours researchers/developers working in
the field.
• Easy to download and set-up.
• It is more generalized and extensible to support modelling and
experimentation.
• Does not require any high-specs computer to work on.
• Provides pre-defined allocation policies and utilization models for managing
resources, and allows implementation of user-defined algorithms as well.
• The documentation provides pre-coded examples for new developers to get
familiar with the basic classes and functions.
• Tackle bottlenecks before deployment to reduce risk, lower costs, increase
performance, and raise revenue.
• Introduction to Simulator
• Simulation provides a powerful platform for conducting research
experiments with greater efficiency and accuracy.
• Creating a virtual environment allows for testing and verification of
solutions that can greatly optimize applications.
• This innovative technique involves constructing a model or real-time
system, resulting in reduced costs associated with computing resources.
• CloudSim simulation tool is one such simulator that can benefit researchers
in their pursuits.
• Understanding CloudSim Simulator
• CloudSim is a widely used, open-source simulation framework specifically designed for modeling
and simulating cloud computing infrastructures and services. It enables researchers, developers, and
cloud computing enthusiasts to simulate cloud environments and experiment with various scenarios
without the need for physical infrastructure. CloudSim provides a comprehensive platform to model
and evaluate the behavior, performance, and scalability of cloud-based applications and services.
• Key concepts and features of CloudSim include:
• 1. Cloud Infrastructure Modeling: CloudSim allows the creation of a virtual cloud infrastructure
comprising data centers, hosts, VMs (Virtual Machines) and cloud users.
• 2. Resource Provisioning: It provides mechanisms to allocate and manage resources like CPU cores,
memory, storage, and bandwidth to VMs based on different policies and algorithms.
• 3. Time-Based Simulation: CloudSim operates on discrete-event simulation principles, allowing the
simulation of cloud environments over time. Users can simulate various events and activities
occurring in the cloud ecosystem.
• 4. Networking and Communication Modeling : CloudSim enables the modeling of network
topologies, data transfer, and communication patterns among cloud components.
• 5. Energy Consumption Modeling: It includes facilities for modeling power consumption and energy-
aware algorithms to simulate the impact of different resource allocation strategies on energy usage.
• CloudSim Architecture:
• CloudSim is a versatile simulation tool composed of three integral layers.
• The first layer, referred to as the "User Code" layer, encompasses the
fundamental components of the cloud, including the definition of the
simulation parameters such as the number of virtual machines, users, and
the desired scheduling policy, such as Round Robin. At this layer, the
simulation experiments are tailored to the specific needs of the user,
including the location of the data center.
• The second layer, aptly named "CloudSim", offers a robust support system
for creating a comprehensive cloud-based environment. This includes the
implementation of a user interface that encompasses crucial elements
such as Cloudlets and Virtual Machines. Within this layer, users can
configure important aspects of the cloud component, such as bandwidth,
memory and CPU usage.
User Code
• The User Code acts as the interface through which the user controls the system. Within this layer,
the developer can specify the hardware requirements based on the specific scenario at hand.
• The user code layer exposes basic entities such as the number of machines, their specifications,
etc, as well as applications, VMs, number of users, application types, and scheduling policies.
• Following are the major classes used in CloudSim User code:
• DatacenterBroker is an entity acting on behalf of the user/customer. It is responsible for the
functioning of VMs, including VM creation, management, destruction, and submission of
cloudlets to the VM.
• The broker class acts on behalf of applications. Its prime role is to query the CIS to discover
suitable resources/services and undertakes negotiations for the allocation of resources/services
that can fulfill the application's QoS needs. This class must be extended for evaluating and testing
custom brokering policies.
• DatacenterCharacteristics: This class contains configuration information of data center resources
like the available host list, the fine-grained cost for each resource type, etc.
• CloudletScheduler: This is responsible for the implementation of different policies that determine
the share of processing power among Cloudlets in a VM. There are two types of provisioning
policies offered. space-shared (using CloudetSchedulerSpaceShared CloudletScheduler
TimeShared class).
CloudSim Layer
• The different layers of cloudsim are shown in the Fig.
• Network Layer: This layer of CloudSim has the responsibility to make communication possible
between different layers. This layer also identifies how resources in cloud environment are
placed and managed.
• Cloud Resources: This layer includes different main resources like datacenters, cloud coordinator
(ensures that different resources of the cloud can work in a collaborative way) in the cloud
environment.
• Cloud Services: This layer includes different service provided to the cloud service users. The
various services of clouds include Information as a Service (laaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS),
and Software as a Service (SaaS).
• VM Services: This layer is responsible to manage virtual machines by providing data members
defining a VM's bandwidth, RAM, mips (million instructions per second), size while also providing
setter and getter methods for these parameters.
• Cloudlet : It represents any task that is run on a VM, like a processing task, or a memory access
task, or a file updating task etc. It stores parameters defining the characteristics of a task such as
its length, size, mi (million instructions) and provides methods similarly to VM class while also
providing methods that define a task's execution time, status, cost and history.
• User Interface: This layer provides the interaction between the user and the simulator.
• GridSim
• GridSim is an earlier version of the simulation framework designed for modeling
distributed computing infrastructures, including grids and clusters.
• It focuses on simulating resource sharing and scheduling in distributed computing
environments, enabling the modeling of heterogeneous resources, task scheduling, and
data transfer.
• GridSim was used primarily in the context of grid computing, where resources from
multiple administrative domains are shared and utilized to solve large-scale
computational problems.
• SimJava
• SimJava is the underlying simulation library that both CloudSim and GridSim are built
upon.
• It provides a discrete-event simulation framework, offering classes and functionalities to
facilitate the development of simulation models in Java.
• SimJava offers features for modeling events, managing event-driven simulations, and
handling time-based simulation scenarios. It serves as the foundation for building
simulation frameworks like CloudSim and GridSim.
Understanding Working Platform for CloudSim
• CloudSim is typically utilized in conjunction with Java as its primary working
platform. As an open-source simulation framework for cloud computing,
CloudSim is implemented in Java, and its APIs (Application Programming
Interfaces) are designed to be used within Java-based applications for
creating, running and analyzing cloud simulations.
• CloudSim operations within the Java working platform are as follows:
• 1. Java Language: CloudSim is written in Java, and its core functionalities,
classes, and APIs are available as Java libraries. To utilize CloudSim, a basic
understanding of Java programming is needed.
• 2. Integration with Java IDES: Users can develop CloudSim-based
simulations using Integrated Development Environments (IDES) such as
Eclipse, IntelliJ IDEA, NetBeans, etc., which support Java development.
• 3. Java-Based Simulation Development: CloudSim provides Java APIs that
enable developers to create and manipulate cloud infrastructures, define
simulation scenarios, model various cloud components, and simulate
diverse cloud-related activities.
• 4. Java Virtual Machine (JVM): To execute CloudSim-based simulations,
Java Virtual Machine (JVM) compatibility is required on the system where
the simulation is run. JVM allows Java applications, including those using
CloudSim, to be executed on different platforms.
• 5. Java Libraries and Frameworks: CloudSim can be integrated with other
Java-based libraries and frameworks, extending its functionality or
incorporating additional features required for specific simulation scenarios.
• 6. Execution in Java Runtime Environment (JRE): CloudSim simulations run
within the Java Runtime Environment (JRE), allowing users to execute and
observe simulations on their local machines or distributed systems
supporting Java.
• Prerequisites to work with CloudSim using Java :
• Setup: Install Java Development Kit (JDK) on your system.
• Download CloudSim: Obtain the CloudSim library or CloudSim Plus (an
extended version) and include it in your Java project.
• Development: Write Java code utilizing CloudSim APIs to create the desired
cloud simulation scenarios.
• Execution: Run the Java-based simulation code within a Java-compatible
environment (JRE) to simulate the cloud environment based on your
defined scenarios.
• Data Analysis: Collect and analyze simulation results within your Java
application for performance evaluation or research purposes.
 Chapter 2 – OpenStack
• Introduction to OpenStack,
• OpenStack test-drive,
• Basic OpenStack operations,
• OpenStack CLI and APIs,
• Tenant model operations,
• Quotas,
• Private cloud building blocks,
• Controller deployment,
• Networking deployment,
• Block Storage deployment,
• Compute deployment,
• deploying and utilizing OpenStack in production environments,
• Building a production environment,
• Application orchestration using OpenStack Heat
Definition of OpenStack?
• OpenStack is a cloud operating system that controls large pools of compute,
storage, and networking resources throughout a datacenter, all managed
through a dashboard that gives administrators control while empowering
their users to provision resources through a web interface.
Introduction to OpenStack
• Out of many commercial and open source cloud management packages to be
developed, the OpenStack project was one of the most popular.
• OpenStack provides a common platform for controlling clouds of servers,
storage, networks, and even application resources.
• OpenStack is managed through a webbased interface, a command-line
interface (CLI), and an application programming interface (API).
• Without any specific hardware and software vendors, this platform control
the resources.
What is OpenStack?
• For cloud/system/storage/network administrators—OpenStack controls many
types of commercial and open source hardware and software, providing a cloud
management layer on top of vendor-specific resources.
• Repetitive manual tasks like disk and network provisioning are automated with
the OpenStack framework.
• In fact, the entire process of provisioning virtual machines and even applications
can be automated using the OpenStack framework.
• For the developer—OpenStack is a platform that can be used not only as an
Amazon-like service for getting resources (virtual machines, storage, and so on)
used in development environments, but also as a cloud orchestration platform for
deploying extensible applications based on application templates.
• For the end user—OpenStack is a self-service system for infrastructure and
applications. Users can do everything from simply provisioning virtual machines
(VMs) like with AWS, to constructing advanced virtual networks and applications,
all within an isolated tenant (project) space.
• OpenStack is a framework for managing, defining, and utilizing cloud
resources.
• The official OpenStack website (www.openstack.org) describes the
framework as “open source software for creating private and public clouds.”
• “OpenStack Software delivers a massively scalable cloud operating system.”
• Following Figure shows several of the resource components that OpenStack
coordinates to create public and private clouds.
• As the figure illustrates, OpenStack doesn’t replace these resource providers;
it simply manages them, through control points built into the framework.
• Introducing OpenStack components
• OpenStack is an open source cloud software which consists of a series of
linked projects controlling large pools of computing, storage, and network
resources in a data center while managing through a dashboard.
• The various core components are:
Compute (Nova)
• OpenStack Compute is a cloud computing fabric controller, which manages pools of
computer resources and work with virtualization technologies, bare metals, and
high-performance computing configurations. Nova’s architecture provides flexibility
to design the cloud with no proprietary software or hardware requirements and
also delivers the ability to integrate the legacy systems and third-party products.
• Nova can be deployed using hypervisor technologies such as KVM, VMware, LXC,
XenServer, etc. It is used to manage numerous virtual machines and other instances
that handle various computing tasks.
Image Service (Glance)
• OpenStack image service offers discovering, registering, and restoring virtual
machine images. Glance has client-server architecture and delivers a user REST API,
which allows querying of virtual machine image metadata and also retrieval of the
actual image. While deploying new virtual machine instances, Glance uses the
stored images as templates.
• OpenStack Glance supports Raw, VirtualBox (VDI), VMWare (VMDK, OVF), Hyper-V
(VHD), and Qemu/KVM (qcow2) virtual machine images.
Object Storage (Swift)
• OpenStack Swift creates redundant, scalable data storage to store petabytes of
accessible data. The stored data can be leveraged, retrieved and updated. It
has a distributed architecture, providing greater redundancy, scalability, and
performance, with no central point of control.
• Swift is a profoundly available, shared, eventually consistent object store. It
helps organizations to store lots of data safely, cheaply and efficiently. Swift
ensures data replication and distribution over various devices, which makes it
ideal for cost-effective, scale-out storage.
Dashboard (Horizon)
• Horizon is the authorized implementation of OpenStack’s Dashboard, which is
the only graphical interface to automate cloud-based resources. To service
providers and other commercial vendors, it supports with third party services
such as monitoring, billing, and other management tools. Developers can
automate tools to manage OpenStack resources using EC2 compatibility API or
the native OpenStack API.
Identity Service (Keystone)
• Keystone provides a central list of users, mapped against all the OpenStack services,
which they can access. It integrates with existing backend services such as LDAP while
acting as a common authentication system across the cloud computing system.
• Keystone supports various forms of authentication like standard username & password
credentials, AWS-style (Amazon Web Services) logins and token-based systems.
Additionally, the catalog provides an endpoint registry with a queryable list of the
services deployed in an OpenStack cloud.
Networking (Neutron)
• Neutron provides networking capability like managing networks and IP addresses for
OpenStack. It ensures that the network is not a limiting factor in a cloud deployment
and offers users with self-service ability over network configurations. OpenStack
networking allows users to create their own networks and connect devices and servers
to one or more networks. Developers can use SDN technology to support great levels of
multi-tenancy and massive scale.
• Neutron also offers an extension framework, which supports deploying and managing
of other network services such as virtual private networks (VPN), firewalls, load
balancing, and intrusion detection system (IDS)
Block Storage (Cinder)
• OpenStack Cinder delivers determined block-level storage devices for application
with OpenStack compute instances. A cloud user can manage their storage needs by
integrating block storage volumes with Dashboard and Nova.
• Cinder can use storage platforms such as Linux server, EMC (ScaleIO, VMAX, and
VNX), Ceph, Coraid, CloudByte, IBM, Hitachi data systems, SAN volume controller,
etc. It is appropriate for expandable file systems and database storage.
Telemetry (Ceilometer)
• Ceilometer delivers a single point of contact for billing systems obtaining all of the
measurements to authorize customer billing across all OpenStack core components.
By monitoring notifications from existing services, developers can collect the data
and may configure the type of data to meet their operating requirements.
Orchestration (Heat)
• Heat is a service to orchestrate multiple composite cloud applications through both
the CloudFormation-compatible Query API and OpenStack-native REST API, using
the AWS CloudFormation template format.
OpenStack test drive
• OpenStack is technically just an API specification for managing cloud servers
and overall cloud infrastructures.
• Different organizations have created software packages that implements
OpenStack. To use OpenStack, we need to acquire such software.
• There are several free and open source solutions.
• We can create a test drive for OpenStack using DevStack, which is a rapid OpenStack
deployment tool.
• DevStack lets you interact with OpenStack on a small scale that’s representative of a
much larger deployment.
• DevStack is a collection of documented Bash (command-line interpreter) shell scripts
that are used to prepare an environment for, configure, and deploy OpenStack.
• Since OpenStack is for managing cloud infrastructure, to get minimal setup,
we need two machines: one will be the infrastructure we are managing and
one will be the manager.
Basic OpenStack operations
• The basic OpenStack operations are applied to a DevStack deployment.
Using the OpenStack CLI(command-line interface)
• Before we can run CLI commands, we must first set the appropriate environment
variables in our shell. Environment variables tell the CLI how and where to identify us.
• To set these variables, we have to run the commands in our shell. Each time we log in to
a session, we’ll have to set our environment variables.
• To Set environmental variables
source /opt/stack/python-novaclient/tools/nova.bash_completion
source openrc demo demo
• Setting environment variables manually
export OS_USERNAME=admin
export OS_PASSWORD=devstack
export OS_TENANT_NAME=admin
export OS_AUTH_URL=http://10.0.2.32:5000/v2.0
• To make sure our variables have been properly set, we should test if we can
run an OpenStack CLI command.
• In our shell, run the nova image-list command.
• This CLI command reads the environment variables we just set and uses them
as identification.
• Setting variables and executing a first CLI command
• Launching an instance from the CLI
• Using the OpenStack APIs
• The component-specific APIs interface with a number of sources, including
other APIs and relational databases.
• All OpenStack interactions eventually lead back to the OpenStack API layer.
• Following command will query the OpenStack APIs for information, which will
be returned in JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) format. Python is used to
parse the JSON so it can be read on your screen.
curl -s -X POST http://10.0.2.32:5000/v2.0/tokens \
-d '{"auth": {"passwordCredentials": \
{"username":"demo", "password":"devstack"}, \
"tenantName":"demo"}}' -H "Content-type: application/json" | \
python -m json.tool
Tenant model operations
• OpenStack is natively multi-tenant-aware.
• Instead of OpenStack provides computational resources, The number of resources
(vCPU, RAM, storage, and the like), images (tenant-specific software images), and
the configuration of the network are all based on tenant-specific configurations.
• Users are independent of tenants, but users may hold roles for specific tenants.
• A single user might hold the role of administrator in multiple tenants.
• Every time a new user is added to OpenStack, they must be assigned a tenant.
• Every time a new instance (VM) is created, it must be created in a tenant.
Management of all OpenStack resources is based on the management of tenant
resources.
• Because our access to OpenStack resources is based on tenant configurations, we
must know how to create new tenants, users, roles, and quotas.
• The tenant model
• Creating tenants, users, and roles
• Tenant networks
The tenant model:
• Before we start the process of creating tenant and user identity objects, we need to get
an idea of how these items are related.
• a role is a designation independent of a tenant until a user is assigned a role in a tenant.
• user is an admin in the General tenant and a Member in the Another tenant.
• both users and roles have one-to-many relationships with tenants.
• tenants are the way OpenStack organizes role assignments.
• In OpenStack all resource configuration (users with roles, instances, networks, and so
on) is organized based on tenant separation.
• In OpenStack jargon, the term tenant can be used synonymously with project.
• every tenant can have a specific user with the role Member, but that specific user
would only have one home tenant.
Creating tenants, users, and roles
• Command to create a new tenant
keystone tenant-create --name General
• When you run the command, you’ll see output like the following:
• +-------------+----------------------------------+
• | Property | Value |
• +-------------+----------------------------------+
• | description | |
• | enabled | True |
• | id | 9932bc0607014caeab4c3d2b94d5a40c |
• | name | General |
• +-------------+----------------------------------+
• The admin and Member roles were created as part of the DevStack deployment of
OpenStack.
• “Listing tenants and roles” explains how to list all tenants and roles for a particular
OpenStack deployment.
• devstack@devstack:~/devstack$ keystone tenant-list -----command is used to list all the
tenants.
• devstack@devstack:~/devstack$ keystone role-list-----command is used to list all the roles.
• How to create a new user:
keystone user-create
--name=johndoe
--pass=openstack1
--tenant-id 9932bc0607014caeab4c3d2b94d5a40c
[email protected]
• Listing users in a tenant
devstack@devstack:~/devstack$ keystone user-list \
--tenant-id 9932bc0607014caeab4c3d2b94d5a40c
• Tenant networks
Quotas
• Quotas are applied on the tenant and tenant-user level to limit the amount of
resources any one tenant can use.
• When we create a new tenant, a default quota is applied.
• By default, all users have the same quota as the tenant quota.
• Tenant quotas
• Tenant-user quotas
• Additional quotas
Private cloud building blocks
• Since the first public release of OpenStack in 2010, the framework has grown from a few core components
to nearly ten.
• There are now hundreds of OpenStack-related projects, each with various levels of interoperability.
• These projects range from OpenStack library dependencies to projects where the OpenStack framework is
the dependency.
• These project designations and their descriptions can be found in table 4.1.
Controller deployment
• Figure
shows the architecture.
• There are 4 nodes:
• Controller—The node that hosts controller and other shared services. This
node maintains the server-side API services. The controller coordinates
component requests and serves as the primary interface for an OpenStack
deployment.
• Network—The node that provides network resources for virtual machines.
This node bridges the gap between internal OpenStack networks and external
networks.
• Storage—The node that provides and manages storage resources for virtual
machines.
• Compute—The node that provides compute resources for virtual machines.
Code execution will occur on these nodes. virtual machines managed by
OpenStack as living on these nodes.
• Deploying controller prerequisites
• Working in a multi-node environment greatly increases deployment and
troubleshooting complexity.
• A small, mistake in the configuration of one component or dependency can cause
issues that are very hard to track down.
1. Preparing the environment:
• Aside from network configuration, the environment preparation is similar for all
nodes.
• If additional nodes are available, additional resource nodes (compute, network, or
storage) can be added to the deployment.
2. Configuring the network interface:
• If we want to configure the network interface on the controller node so one interface
is used for client-facing traffic and another is used for internal OpenStack
management.
• OpenStack allows to specify several networks (public, internal, and admin) for
OpenStack operation.
3. Updating packages:
• Ubuntu 14.04 LTS includes the Icehouse (2014.1) release of OpenStack, which
includes the following components:
• Nova—The OpenStack Compute project, which works as an IaaS cloud fabric
controller.
• Glance—Provides services for VM images, discovery, retrieval, and registration
• Swift—Provides highly scalable, distributed, object store services
• Horizon—The OpenStack Dashboard project, which provides a web-based admin and
user GUI
• Keystone—Provides identity, token, catalog, and policy services for the Open- Stack
suite
• Neutron—Provides network management services for OpenStack components
• Cinder—Provides block storage as a service to OpenStack Compute
• Ceilometer—Provides a central point of record for resource utilization metrics
• Heat—Provides application-level orchestration of OpenStack resources
4. Installing software dependencies
• In the context of OpenStack, a dependency is software that’s not part of the OpenStack project but
is required by OpenStack components.
• This includes software used to run OpenStack code (Python and modules), the queueing system
(RabbitMQ), and the database platform (MySQL), among other things.
Deploying shared services
• OpenStack shared services are those services that span Compute, Storage, and Network services
and are shared by OpenStack components.
• These are the official Open- Stack shared services:
• Identity Service (Keystone)—Provides identity, token, catalog, and policy services for the
OpenStack suite.
• Image Service (Glance)—Provides services for VM image discovery, retrieval, and registration.
• Telemetry Service (Ceilometer)—Provides a central service for monitoring and measurement
information in the OpenStack suite.
• Orchestration Service (Heat)—Enables applications to be deployed using scripts from VM
resources managed by OpenStack.
• Database Service (Trove)—Provides cloud-based relational and non-relational database services
using OpenStack resources.
1. Deploying the Identity Service (Keystone):
• OpenStack Identity Service, as the name implies, is the system of record for all
identities (users, roles, tenants, and so on) across the OpenStack framework.
• It provides a common shared identity service for authentication, authorization, and
resource inventory for all OpenStack components.
• This service can be configured to integrate with existing backend services such as
Microsoft Active Directory (AD) and Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP),
or it can operate independently.
• It supports multiple forms of authentication, including username and password,
token-based credentials, and AWS-style (REST) logins.
• Users with administrative roles will use the Identity Service (Keystone) to manage
user identities across all OpenStack components, performing the following tasks:
• Creating users, tenants, and roles
• Assigning resource rights based on role-based access control (RBAC) policies
• Configuring authentication and authorization
• Users with non-administrative roles will primarily interact with Keystone for
authentication and authorization.
• Keystone maintains the following objects:
• Users—These are the users of the system, such as the admin or guest user.
• Tenants —These are the projects (tenants) that are used to group resources,
rights, and users together.
• Roles—These define what a user can do in a particular tenant.
• Services—This is the list of service components registered with a Keystone
instance, such as the Compute, Network, Image, and Storage services. This is
the listing of services provided by an OpenStack deployment.
• Endpoints—These are the URL locations of service-specific APIs registered
with a particular Keystone server. This is the contact information for services
provided by an OpenStack deployment.
INSTALLING IDENTITY SERVICE (KEYSTONE)
• The first step is to install the Keystone package with related dependencies
with the following command.
sudo apt-get -y install keystone
2. Deploying the Image Service (Glance):
• Virtual machine images are copies of previously configured VM instances.
• These images can be cloned and applied to new VMs as the VMs are created.
• This process saves the user from having to deploy the operating system and
other software when deploying VMs.
• Glance is the module of OpenStack that’s used to discover, deploy, and
manage VM images in the OpenStack environment.
• By default, Glance will take advantage of RabbitMQ services, which allow
OpenStack components to remotely communicate with Glance without
communicating through the controller.
• CREATING THE GLANCE DATA STORE
• to create the Glance database, which database will be used to store
configuration and state information about images.
• Then we can grant the MySQL user glance_dbu access to the new database.
• In MySQL, user creation and rights authorization functions can be completed
in the same step.
• First, log in to the database server as root, as described in the subsection
“Accessing the MySQL console.”
• Then use the MySQL GRANT command, as follows.
CREATE DATABASE glance;
GRANT ALL ON glance.* TO 'glance_dbu'@'localhost' \ IDENTIFIED BY
'openstack1';
Deploying the Block Storage (Cinder) service:
• Cinder is the module of OpenStack used to provide block (volume) storage to
VM images in the OpenStack environment.
• It manages the process of provisioning remotely available storage to VMs
running on compute nodes.
• This relationship is shown in figure 5.4, where VM Compute and VM Volume
are provided by two separate physical resources, Compute hardware and
Cinder resource node.
Deploying the Networking (Neutron) service:
• OpenStack Neutron is the core of the cloud network service.
• Neutron APIs form the primary interface used to manage network services
inside OpenStack.
• Figure 5.5 shows Neutron managing both the VM network interface on the
VM and the routing and switching for the network that the VM network is
attached to.
• Simply put, Neutron manages all physical and virtual components required to
connect, create, and extend networks between VMs and public network
interfaces (gateways outside OpenStack networking).
Deploying the Compute (Nova) service
• the OpenStack Nova component is the core of the cloud framework
controller.
• Although each component has its own set of APIs, the Nova API forms the
primary interface used to manage pools of resources.
• Figure 5.6 shows how Nova both manages local compute (CPU and MEM)
resources and orchestrates the provisioning of secondary resources (network
and storage).
Networking deployment
• the multi-node architecture
Is shown in the figure.
• Deploying network prerequisites
• DevStack installed and configured OpenStack dependencies.
• We can manually install these dependencies.
• We can use a package management system to install the software: there’s no
compiling required, but you must still manually configure many of the
components.
1. Preparing the environment
• With the exception of the network configuration, environment preparation
will be similar to preparing the controller node.
• We have to pay close attention to the network interfaces and addresses in
the configurations. It’s easy to make a type, and often hard to track down
problems when we do.
2. Configuring the network interfaces
• We want to configure the network with three interfaces:
• Node interface—Traffic not directly related to OpenStack. This interface will be used
for administrative tasks like SSH console access, software updates, and even node-
level monitoring.
• Internal interface—Traffic related to OpenStack component-to-component
communication. This includes API and AMPQ type traffic.
• VM interface—Traffic related to OpenStack VM-to-VM and VM-to-external
communication.
3. Updating packages
• The APT package index is a database of all available packages defined in the
/etc/apt/sources.list file.
• We need to make sure our local database is synchronized with the latest packages
available in the repository for our specific Linux distribution.
• Prior to installation, we should also upgrade any repository items, including the Linux
kernel, that might be out of date.
4. Software and configuration dependencies
• install a few software dependencies and make a few configuration changes in
preparation for the install.
• INSTALLING LINUX BRIDGE AND VLAN UTILITIES
• We need to install the package bridge-utils, which provides a set of applications for
working with network bridges on the system (OS) level.
• Network bridging on the OS level is critical to the operation of OpenStack
Networking.
• To Install vlan and bridge-utils use following command:
$ sudo apt-get -y install vlan bridge-utils
5. Installing Open vSwitch
• OpenStack Networking takes advantage of the open source distributed virtual-
switching package, Open vSwitch (OVS).
• OVS provides the same data-switching functions as a physical switch, but it runs in
software on servers.
6. Configuring Open vSwitch
• We need to add an internal br-int bridge and an external br-ex OVS bridge.
• The br-int bridge interface will be used for communication within
Neutronmanaged networks.
• Virtual machines communicating within internal OpenStack Neutron-created
networks will use this bridge for communication.
• This interface shouldn’t be confused with the internal interface on the
operating system level.
Block Storage deployment
• the multi-node architecture
is shown in the figure.
Deploying Block Storage prerequisites

1. Preparing the environment

• With the exception of the network configuration, environment preparation here
will be similar to the controller and network nodes you deployed in chapters 5
and 6. Follow the instructions in the discussion and make sure you pay close
attention to the network interfaces and addresses in the configurations. It’s
easy to make a typo and often hard to track it down.
2. Configuring the network interface
• You want to configure the network with two interfaces:
• Node interface—Traffic not directly related to OpenStack. This interface will be
used for administrative tasks like SSH console access, software updates, and
even node-level monitoring.
• Internal interface—Traffic related to OpenStack component-to-component
communication. This includes API and AMQP type traffic.
3. Updating packages
• The APT package index is a database of all available packages defined by a remote list found
in the /etc/apt/sources.list file.
• First make sure the local database is synchronized with the latest packages available in the
repository for your specific Linux distribution.
• Prior to installation, we should also upgrade any repository items, including the Linux
kernel, that might be out of date.
• Update and upgrade packages
sudo apt-get -y update
sudo apt-get -y upgrade
4. Installing and configuring the Logical Volume Manager
• install a few software dependencies and make a few configuration changes in preparation
for the OpenStack component install.
• The Logical Volume Manager (LVM) is a volume manager for the Linux kernel.
• A volume manager is simply a management layer that provides an abstraction between the
partitioning of physical devices and logical devices as they appear on the system level.
• LVM sits in between the Linux kernel and the storage devices, providing a
software layer for managing storage volumes.
• This software layer provides several key benefits over using storage devices
directly:
• Resize volumes—Physical and virtual volumes can be used to expand and
contract an LVM volume.
• Snapshots—LVM can be used to create read/write snapshots (clones or
copies) of volumes.
• Thin provisioning—LVM volumes can be created that report a specific volume
size on the system level, but the storage isn’t actually allocated until it’s used.
Thin provisioning is a common technique for over-provisioning storage
resources.
• Cache-enabled volumes—LVM volumes can be created that utilize SSD (fast)
storage for caching of slower volumes.
• LVM relationships and commands
• LVM is divided into three functional components:
• Physical volume—One or more partitions (or an entire device) on a physical drive
• Volume group—One or more physical volumes representing one or more logical
volumes
• Logical volume—A volume reference contained within a volume group
• There are many LVM tools and commands, The following commands are
required to create an LVM volume for use by Cinder:
• pvcreate <device> is used to create physical volumes from Linux storage devices.
• pvscan is used to display a listing of physical volumes.
• pvdisplay is used to display physical volume attributes like size, state, and
system-level identifiers.
• vgcreate <name> <device> is used to assign physical volumes to a pool of storage
referenced by some <name>.
• Deploying Cinder
• Cinder provides an abstraction layer between block storage resources and Compute
services (Nova).
• Through the Cinder API, block volumes can be managed (created, destroyed, assigned, and
so on) without knowledge of the underlying resource that provides the storage.
• As with OpenStack Networking, underlying support for backend storage subsystems is
provided through vendor-based Cinder plug-ins.
• For each OpenStack release, a minimum set of features and statistical reports are required
for each plug-in.
• If plug-ins aren’t maintained between releases, and additional functions and reporting are
required, they’re deprecated in subsequent releases.
• Installing Cinder
• $ sudo apt-get install -y cinder-volume
• Configuring Cinder
• First, we must modify the /etc/cinder/cinder.conf file. we’ll define the service
authentication, the management communication, the storage helpers, and the name of
the LVM volume group.
Compute deployment
• Compute components shown at the
lower middle.
Deploying Compute prerequisites
• we manually install and
configure dependencies and
core OpenStack packages.
• Preparing the environment
• environment preparation will be similar to the controller nodes.
• Configuring the network interface
• We configure the network with two interfaces:
• Node interface—Traffic not directly related to OpenStack. This interface will be
used for administrative tasks like SSH console access, software updates, and
even node-level monitoring.
• Internal interface—Traffic related to OpenStack component-to-component
communication. This includes API and AMQP type traffic.
• Updating packages
• Same as block storage.
• Update and upgrade packages
• sudo apt-get -y update
• sudo apt-get -y upgrade
• Software and configuration dependencies
• Installing Open vSwitch
• Configuring Open vSwitch
Deploying and utilizing OpenStack in production environments
• Deploying OpenStack in a production environment involves several
considerations and best practices to ensure stability, scalability, security,
and efficient management of resources.
• Steps and guidelines for deploying and utilizing OpenStack in production
environments:
• 1. Planning and Design:
• Assess your infrastructure requirements, including compute, storage, and
networking needs.
• Plan for high availability, scalability, and redundancy across components.
• Design the OpenStack architecture, considering the number of controller
nodes, compute nodes, storage options, and networking configurations.
• 2.Hardware Requirements:
• Ensure hardware compatibility and reliability for running OpenStack components.
• Use enterprise-grade servers, storage, and networking equipment.
• Plan for adequate resources (CPU, RAM, storage, network bandwidth) to support expected workloads
and growth.
• 3. Software and Version Consideration:
• Choose a stable and supported version of OpenStack. Consider Long-Term Support (LTS) releases for
extended stability.
• Keep track of updates, security patches, and bug fixes provided by the OpenStack community.
• 4. Automated Deployment Tools or Deployment Frameworks:
• Consider using deployment tools like OpenStack Charms, Ansible, Juju, or Puppet for automated
deployment and configuration management.
• These tools streamline installation, configuration, and maintenance tasks, reducing manual errors and
time
• 5. Security Considerations:
• Implement strong security measures, including network security, data encryption, access controls, and
regular security audits.
• Use firewalls, VPNs, and intrusion detection systems to protect OpenStack components.
• Secure communication between services using TLS/SSL certificates.
• 6. Networking Setup:
• Choose a suitable networking architecture (flat, VLAN, VXLAN, etc.) based on performance and security
requirements.
• Implement Neutron networking to manage network resources effectively.
• 7. Storage Configuration:
• Choose appropriate storage solutions (Cinder for block storage, Swift for object storage, etc.) based on
performance, redundancy, and scalability needs.
• Implement storage backends compatible with OpenStack services (Ceph, NFS, iSCSI, etc.).
• 8. High Availability and Load Balancing:
• Configure high availability for critical services using clustering, load balancing, and failover mechanisms.
Employ redundant controller nodes, load balancers, and distributed storage solutions for fault tolerance.
• 9. Monitoring and Logging:
• Set up comprehensive monitoring tools (such as Nagios, Prometheus, Grafana) to track system
performance, resource usage, and health of OpenStack services.
• Enable centralized logging for troubleshooting and auditing purposes.
• 10. Backup and Disaster Recovery:
• Implement backup solutions for critical data, configurations, and databases.
• Plan and test disaster recovery procedures to ensure data integrity and service continuity in case of
failures.
• 11. Documentation and Training
• Maintain detailed documentation of the deployment architecture,
configurations, and procedures.
• Provide training to administrators and operators for effective management
and troubleshooting,
• 12. Regular Maintenance and Upgrades:
• Schedule regular maintenance windows for updates, patches, and upgrades
to keep the Openstack environment secure and up-to-date.
• 13. Performance Tuning and Optimization
• Continuously monitor and optimize the OpenStack environment for
performance improvements based on usage patterns and demands.
• 14. Compliance and Governance:
• Ensure compliance with industry regulations and standards regarding data
security, privacy, and governance.
• Building a Production Environment
• Building a production environment using OpenStack involves several steps and considerations to ensure a stable, scalable,
and reliable cloud infrastructure. Below are the essential steps for building a production-ready OpenStack environment:
• 1. Define Requirements and Plan:
• Determine the specific needs of your production environment in terms of compute, storage, networking, and security,
• Identify the number of nodes required (controller, compute, storage), expected workloads, scalability needs, and
performance requirements.
• 2. Hardware and Infrastructure Setup:
• Procure hardware that meets the specifications for running OpenStack components. Choose reliable servers, storage, and
networking equipment.
• Ensure high-quality networking infrastructure with redundancy and sufficient bandwidth.
• Set up power and cooling systems for the data center or server rooms hosting the OpenStack infrastructure.
• 3. Choose and Install the Operating System:
• Select a supported Linux distribution (Ubuntu, CentOS, Red Hat Enterprise Linux) for your OpenStack deployment.
• Install the chosen OS on each node, ensuring proper network configuration and connectivity.
• 4. Deploying Controller Nodes:
• Install and configure controller nodes responsible for managing OpenStack services like Keystone (identity), Nova
(compute), Glance (image), Neutron (networking), Cinder (block storage), etc.
• Set up Keystone as the identity service for authentication and authorization.
• 5. Compute Nodes Configuration:
• Configure compute nodes to manage the creation and operation of virtual machine instances.
• Install and configure hypervisors like KVM, VMware, or others based on your requirements.
• 6. Storage Configuration:
• Set up storage options such as Cinder (block storage) and Swift (object storage) based on your
storage needs. Configure storage backends like Ceph, NFS, or others for integration with
OpenStack services.
• 7. Networking Setup :
• Configure Neutron for managing networking resources. Define networks, subnets, routers,
and security groups.
• Implement network segmentation and isolation using VLANs, VXLANS, or other technologies.
• 8. Security Measures:
• Implement robust security measures including firewalls, intrusion detection systems,
encryption, and access controls.
• Secure communication between OpenStack components using TLS/SSL certificates.
• 9. High Availability and Redundancy :
• Design the environment with high availability in mind. Implement redundant controller nodes, load balancing, and clustering for critical
services.
• Use load balancers to distribute traffic and ensure service availability.
• 10. Configuration Management and Automation:
• Use automation tools like Ansible, Puppet, or Chef for consistent configuration management and automated deployments.
• Maintain configuration files and templates for easy scaling and provisioning.
• 11. Monitoring and Logging Setup:
• Set up monitoring tools (such as Prometheus, Grafana, ELK stack) to monitor resource usage, system health, and performance metrics.
• Configure centralized logging to track and analyze logs from different OpenStack services for troubleshooting and auditing.
• 12. Backup and Disaster Recovery:
• Implement backup solutions for critical data and configurations. Plan and test disaster recovery procedures to ensure data integrity and
service continuity in case of failures.
• 13. Testing and Validation:
• Thoroughly test the environment by deploying test workloads to ensure proper functionality, performance, and stability.
• Conduct performance testing and validate failover mechanisms.
• 14. Documentation and Training:
• Maintain detailed documentation of the deployment architecture, configurations, and procedures for reference.
• Provide training to administrators and operators for effective management and troubleshooting.
• 15. Regular Maintenance and Updates:
• Schedule regular maintenance for applying updates, security patches and
upgrades to keep the environment secure and up to date.
• OpenStack Orchestration
• The mission of the OpenStack Orchestration program is to create a human- and
machine-accessible service for managing the entire lifecycle of infrastructure
and applications within OpenStack clouds.
• Heat
• Heat is the main project in the OpenStack Orchestration program. It implements
an orchestration engine to launch multiple composite cloud applications based
on templates in the form of text files that can be treated like code.
• A native Heat template format is evolving, but Heat also endeavours to provide
compatibility with the AWS CloudFormation template format, so that many
existing CloudFormation templates can be launched on OpenStack. Heat
provides both an OpenStack-native ReST API and a CloudFormation-compatible
Query API.
• Terminology Encountered while Using Heat Service
• Resources: Networks, volumes, subnet, security groups, etc constitute the
resources. During orchestration, these objects are created or modified and
are worked upon.
• Stack: A collection of resources is known as a stack.
• Parameters: During deployment, input to the template is provided using the
parameters. The value of inputs can be changed during the runtime also.
• Template: It is a text file consisting of how the resources (stack) are
described with the code.
• Output: It provides the processed information to the customer.
• Primary Components of Heat Architecture
• There are four primary components which constitute the heat architecture.
All of them are unique and are dedicated to particular tasks. The components
are stated below:
• Heat: It is the Command Line Interface that is used to communicate with the
heat-API. The users don’t need to use heat to communicate with the heat-API.
The API can be used directly.
• Heat-API: It processes all the requests and then sends the processed requests
to the heat engine for further usage using OpenStack-native REST API.
• Heat-API-cfn: It provides the user with a query API. This type of API is
compatible with the AWS Cloud Formation. It processes the API requests and
then sends them to the heat engine.
• Heat-engine: It the core element of Heat architecture and is dedicated to
orchestrating the services by launching the templates. It also provides events
to the API customers.
Working of Heat
Following steps describe the basic working of the Heat service:
Step 1) First of all, the template is designed which consists of resource
description. This is written in a human-readable format.
Step 2) Now the stack is created by the user. This is considered to be
successfully created when the Heat CLI tool points to the parameters and the
template.
Step 3) Now the Heat API and the Heat cli tool communicate with each other.
Step 4) After, the communication is done, the Heat API starts to send requests
to the Heat engine.
Step 5) The requests are finally processed by the Heat engine and the output
is sent to the user.
 Chapter 3 – AWS
• Architecting on AWS,
• Building complex solutions with Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (Amazon VPC)
• Basics of AWS
• Amazon Web Services (AWS) is a comprehensive, on-demand cloud computing
platform provided by Amazon. Launched in 2006, AWS offers a wide array of
cloud services that enable individuals, businesses, and organizations to access
computing power, storage, databases, content delivery, machine learning,
analytics, and more, without the need to invest in and maintain physical
infrastructure.
• Components and services within AWS
• Compute Services: AWS provides various computing services, including:
• Amazon EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud): Offers resizable compute capacity in the cloud.
• AWS Lambda : Allows you to run code without provisioning or managing servers, using a
serverless computing model.
• Storage Services: AWS offers different types of storage solutions:
• Amazon S3 (Simple Storage Service): Provides scalable object storage.
• Amazon EBS (Elastic Block Store): Offers block-level storage volumes for use with EC2
instances.
• Amazon Glacier: Designed for long-term data archiving.
• Database Services: AWS provides various database options:
• Amazon RDS (Relational Database Service): Offers managed relational databases like
MySQL, PostgreSQL, etc.
• Amazon DynamoDB: Fully managed NoSQL database service.
• Amazon Redshift: A data warehousing service for big data analytics.
• Networking: AWS offers various networking services :
• Amazon VPC (Virtual Private Cloud): Lets you provision a logically isolated section of
the AWS cloud.
• Amazon Route 53: Provides scalable domain name system (DNS) web services.
• Machine Learning and AI Services: AWS has services for machine learning
and artificial intelligence, such as: Amazon SageMaker: Helps build, train, and
deploy machine learning models.
• Amazon Rekognition: Offers image and video analysis.
• Amazon Comprehend: Provides natural language processing (NLP)
capabilities.
• Security and Identity Services: AWS includes various tools for security:
• AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM): Manages access to AWS services and
resources securely.
• Amazon Inspector: Assists in identifying security issues within your applications.
• Content Delivery and CDN : Services like Amazon CloudFront enable content
delivery through a global network of edge locations.
• loT Services: AWS IoT offers managed services for Internet of Things (IoT)
devices and applications.
• Containers and Orchestration: AWS provides services like Amazon ECS
(Elastic Container Service) and
• Amazon EKS (Elastic Kubernetes Service) for managing containerized
applications.
• Serverless Computing: Services like AWS Lambda enable serverless
computing, where you can run code without managing servers.
• Architecting on AWS
• Architecting on Amazon Web Services (AWS) involves designing and
implementing cloud solutions utilizing the wide range of services and
features provided by AWS. Here are steps and considerations for architecting
on AWS:
1. Understand Requirements and Goals:
• Define the specific requirements, goals, and constraints for your application
or workload on AWS.
• Consider factors like scalability, availability, performance, security, and cost.
2. AWS Account Setup:
• Create an AWS account and set up necessary permissions, billing, and access
controls.
3. Choose the Right AWS Services:
• Identify and select AWS services that align with your requirements. AWS offers various services
for computing, storage, databases, networking, security, analytics, machine learning, etc.
• For example:
• Compute: Amazon EC2, AWS Lambda, AWS Batch
• Storage: Amazon S3, Amazon EBS, Amazon Glacier
• Databases: Amazon RDS, Amazon DynamoDB, Amazon Redshift
• Networking: Amazon VPC, Elastic Load Balancing, AWS Direct Connect
4. Architectural Design:
• Design a scalable and fault-tolerant architecture. Use AWS Well-Architected Framework
principles:
• Reliability: Design for failure, use multiple Availability Zones (AZs), redundancy, and backups.
• Security: Implement best practices for data encryption, access controls, IAM roles, and
compliance standards.
• Performance Efficiency : Optimize resources, leverage AWS autoscaling, caching, and content
delivery networks (CDNs).
• Cost Optimization: Choose cost-effective services, monitor usage, and utilize AWS Cost Explorer
and AWS Trusted Advisor.
5. AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM):
• Set up IAM roles and policies to manage user access and permissions to AWS resources securely.
6. Networking and Connectivity:
• Design and configure Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) with subnets, route tables, and security groups.
• Set up private and public subnets, implement NAT gateways, VPN connections, or AWS Direct Connect for
connectivity.
7. Data Management:
• Choose appropriate storage services based on your data needs (object storage, block storage, archival,
etc.). Implement backups, replication, and disaster recovery strategies using AWS services like Amazon S3
Versioning, Cross-Region Replication, etc.
8. Compute Resources:
• Select EC2 instances or serverless computing (AWS Lambda) based on workload requirements. Implement
auto-scaling to automatically adjust resources based on demand.
9. Monitoring and Management:
• Implement monitoring and logging using AWS CloudWatch, AWS CloudTrail, and other monitoring tools.
• Set up alarms, metrics, and logs for proactive management and troubleshooting.
10. Deployment and Automation:
• Utilize AWS CloudFormation or AWS CDK (Cloud Development Kit) for infrastructure as code (IaC) to
automate deployments and manage AWS resources in a reproducible and scalable manner.
11. Testing and Optimization:
• Test your architecture thoroughly, simulate failures, and optimize
configurations for performance and cost efficiency.
12. Security and Compliance:
• Implement best practices for security, encryption, and compliance with
industry standards and regulations. Utilize AWS security services like AWS
WAF, AWS Shield, AWS Inspector, etc.
13. Documentation and Training:
• Maintain detailed documentation of your AWS architecture, configurations,
and processes.
• Provide training to your team members on AWS services and best practices.
• AWS offers a broad range of services and features, allowing architects to
design highly scalable, secure, and cost- effective solutions. It's essential to
keep up with AWS best practices, guidelines, and new services to leverage the
full potential of the AWS platform for your specific use cases.
Building Complex Solutions with Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (Amazon VPC)
Steps to Build Complex Solutions with Amazon Virtual Private Cloud
• Building complex solutions with Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (Amazon VPC)
involves leveraging the rich set of features and configurations offered by
AWS to design secure, scalable, and highly available networking
architectures.
1. Planning and Design:
• Define Requirements: Understand the specific requirements, including
network topology, connectivity, security, and scalability needs.
• Consider Constraints : Identify any compliance, regulatory, or performance
constraints affecting the design.
• IP Addressing Scheme: Plan the IP addressing scheme for the VPC and its
subnets.
2. Amazon VPC Components:
• VPC Creation : Create the VPC with appropriate IP CIDR blocks.
• Subnet Design: Design subnets across multiple Availability Zones (AZs) for high availability.
Utilize public, private, and isolated subnets based on the requirements.
• Gateway Attachments: Attach Internet Gateways (IGW) for public subnets, Virtual Private
Gateways (VGW) for VPN connectivity, and Nat Gateways for private subnets accessing the
internet.
3. Networking and Connectivity:
• Routing Configuration : Configure route tables to direct traffic between subnets, gateways, and
external networks.
• VPC Peering: Establish VPC peering connections to connect multiple VPCs within the same AWS
region. AWS Direct Connect: Set up dedicated connectivity to connect on-premises data centers
with AWS for consistent and high-speed network access.
4. Security and Access Controls:
• Security Groups: Define security groups to control inbound and outbound traffic at the instance
level. Network Access Control Lists (NACLS): Apply NACLS to control traffic at the subnet level.
• PrivateLink: Use AWS PrivateLink to securely access services hosted on AWS without exposing
them to the internet.
5. High Availability and Redundancy :
• Multi-AZ Deployment: Deploy resources across multiple AZS for fault tolerance and
high availability.
• Load Balancing: Utilize Elastic Load Balancing (ELB) services for distributing traffic
across instances in different AZS.
6. Monitoring and Management:
• VPC Flow Logs: Enable VPC Flow Logs for monitoring network traffic.
• CloudWatch: Use CloudWatch metrics and alarms to monitor VPC performance and
health.
• Automation: Leverage AWS Cloud Formation or Infrastructure as Code (laC) tools for
automated VPC deployment and management.
7. Data Protection and Compliance:
• Encryption : Implement encryption for data at rest (using services like AWS KMS or
Amazon S3 encryption) and data in transit (TLS/SSL).
• Compliance Controls: Adhere to compliance standards relevant to your industry or
region.
8. Scaling and Optimization:
• Auto Scaling : Utilize Auto Scaling groups for automatically adjusting
resources based on demand.
• Cost Optimization: Regularly review and optimize VPC configurations to
ensure cost-effectiveness.
9. Documentation and Best Practices :
• Documentation: Maintain detailed documentation of the VPC architecture,
configurations, and best practices followed.
• Best Practices: Follow AWS best practices and guidelines for security,
performance and cost optimization.
 An Example of Building a Complex Solution using Amazon VPC
• Scenario: Multi-tier Web Application
• Consider a scenario where a developer is tasked with deploying a multi-tier web
application consisting of front-end, application, and database tiers within an AWS VPC.
1. Designing the VPC Architecture:
• VPC Configuration: Create a new VPC with CIDR block addressing that doesn't overlap
with other networks.
• Define subnets for each tier:
• Public Subnets : For front-end instances accessible from the internet.
• Private Subnets: For application and database instances with no direct internet access.
• Internet Gateway (IGW) : Attach an IGW to allow internet access for instances in public
subnets.
• Route Tables and Network Access Control Lists (NACLs) : Configure route tables to direct
traffic betweensubnets and set NACLs to control inbound and outbound traffic.
2. Deploying Instances :
• Front-end Instances : Launch EC2 instances in the public subnet serving as
the front-end web servers. Assign Elastic IP addresses for public access.
• Application and Database Instances : Launch EC2 instances for the
application and database tiers in privatesubnets. These instances won't have
public IP addresses and will communicate through the application tier.
3. Setting Up Security:
• Security Groups : Create and configure security groups to control inbound
and outbound traffc for each tier.
• For example:
• Allow HTTP/HTTPS traffic (port 80/443) for front-end instances.
• Allow database connections (port 3306 for MySQL, for instance) only from
the application tier.
4. High Availability and Redundancy:
• Load Balancing: Implement Elastic Load Balancing (ELB) for distributing traffic across front-end
instances to ensure high availability and scalability.
• Multi-AZ Deployment : Deploy resources across multiple availability zones for redundancy and
fault tolerance.
5. Connecting On-Premises Network (Optional):
• VPN Connection or AWS Direct Connect: Set up a secure connection between the VPC and on-
premises
• infrastructure, allowing seamless integration and data transfer.
6. Monitoring and Logging:
• CloudWatch: Set up monitoring and logging using Amazon CloudWatch to track instance
metrics, logs, and alarms for better visibility and troubleshooting.
7. Managing Access and Permissions:
• IAM Roles and Policies: Create IAM roles with specific permissions for instances to access other
AWS services securely.
• By implementing these steps within an Amazon VPC, developers can build a complex, scalable,
and secure multi- tier web application infrastructure. This architecture ensures isolation,
security, and flexibility while utilizing AWS resources efficiently.