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AI_Session 1 Introduction to AI and intelligent agents.pptx

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This document provides an overview of the first session of an Artificial Intelligence and Machine
Learning course. It introduces key concepts in AI like intelligent agents, problem solving by search,
and uninformed and informed search ... strategies. It defines AI as the ability of computers to learn
and think. The session covered problem solving approaches, agent types, and rational agents. The
topics to be covered in the next session include the different types of agents. Read
more
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AI_Session 1 Introduction to AI and intelligent agents.pptx
107 slides^views

1. ARTIFICAL INTELLIGENCE (R18 III(II Sem)) Department of computer science and engineering (AI/ML) Session 1 by
Asst.Prof.M.Gokilavani VITS 2/23/2023 Department of CSE (AI/ML) 1
2. TEXTBOOK: • Artificial Intelligence A modern Approach, Third Edition, Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig, Pearson
Education. REFERENCES: • Artificial Intelligence, 3rd Edn, E. Rich and K.Knight (TMH). • Artificial Intelligence, 3rd Edn, Patrick
Henny Winston, Pearson Education. • Artificial Intelligence, Shivani Goel, Pearson Education. • Artificial Intelligence and
Expert Systems- Patterson, Pearson Education. 2/23/2023 Department of CSE (AI/ML) 2
3. Unit I • Problem solving by search-I: Introduction to AI, Intelligent Agents. • Problem solving by search-II: Problem
solving agents, searching for solutions • Uniformed search strategies: BFS, Uniform cost search, DFS, Iterative deepening
Depth-first search, Bidirectional search, • Informed ( Heuristic) search strategies: Greedy best-first search, A* search,
Heuristic functions • Beyond classical search: Hill- climbing Search, Simulated annealing search, Local search in continuous
spaces, Searching with non- deterministic Actions, searching with partial observations, online search agents and unknown
environments. 2/23/2023 Department of CSE (AI/ML) 3
4. Topics covered in session 1 2/23/2023 Department of CSE (AI/ML) 4 • Problem solving by search-I: Introduction to AI,
Intelligent Agents. • Problem solving by search-II: Problem solving agents, searching for solutions • Uniformed search
strategies: BFS, Uniform cost search, DFS, Iterative deepening Depth-first search, Bidirectional search, • Informed ( Heuristic)
search strategies: Greedy best-first search, A* search, Heuristic functions • Beyond classical search: Hill- climbing Search,
Simulated annealing search, Local search in continuous spaces, Searching with non- deterministic Actions, searching with
partial observations, online search agents and unknown environments.
5. What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Making computers that think? • The automation of activities we associate with human
thinking, like decision making, learning ... ? • The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence
when performed by people ? • The study of mental faculties through the use of computational models ? 2/23/2023
Department of CSE (AI/ML) 5
6. What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Artificial Intelligence is the ability of a computer program to learn and think. • John
McCarthy coined the term ‘Artificial Intelligence’ in the 1950s. • He said, ‘Every aspect of learning or any other feature of
 principle be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it. • An attempt will be made to find how to
make machines use language, form abstractions, and concepts, solve kinds of problems now reserved for humans, and
improve themselves.’ 2/23/2023 Department of CSE (AI/ML) 6
7. What is Artificial Intelligence ? 2/23/2023 Department of CSE (AI/ML) 7 Systems that act rationally Systems that
think like humans Systems that think rationally Systems that act like humans THOUGHT BEHAVIOUR HUMAN RATIONAL
8. Systems that think like humans: cognitive modeling • Humans as observed from ‘inside’ • How do we know how
humans think? • Introspection vs. psychological experiments • Cognitive Science • “The exciting new effort to make
computers think ... machines with minds in the full and literal sense” (Haugeland) • “[The automation of] activities that
we associate with human thinking, activities such as decision-making, problem solving, learning ...” (Bellman).
2/23/2023 Department of CSE (AI/ML) 8
9. Systems that think ‘rationally’ "laws of thought" • Humans are not always ‘rational’ • Rational - defined in terms
of logic? • Logic can’t express everything (e.g. uncertainty) • Logical approach is often not feasible in terms of
computation time (needs ‘guidance’) • “The study of mental facilities through the use of computational models”
(Charniak and McDermott) • “The study of the computations that make it possible to perceive, reason, and act”
(Winston) 2/23/2023 Department of CSE (AI/ML) 9
10. Systems that act like humans • The Turing Test approach • a human questioner cannot tell if • there is a
computer or a human answering his question, via teletype (remote communication) • The computer must behave
intelligently • Intelligent behavior • to achieve human-level performance in all cognitive tasks 2/23/2023 Department of
CSE (AI/ML) 10
11. Turning test Example: Program ELIZA simulating a psychiatrist. Person: I miss my children ELIZA: “Why do you
miss your children?” or “ Tell me more about your family” ELIZA is programmed to ask pre-determined questions and
parrot segments of your responses back to you. Hence Turing test may not be such a good judge of machine intelligence
after all. 2/23/2023 Department of CSE (AI/ML) 11
12. What is meant by Turning test? • Turing test was proposed in 1950. • It is a test to decide whether or not a
particular machine is intelligent. • Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have a 30% chance of fooling a lay person
for 5 minutes. 2/23/2023 Department of CSE (AI/ML) 12
13. Systems that act like humans • These cognitive tasks include: • Natural language processing • for
communication with human • Knowledge representation • to store information effectively & efficiently • Automated
reasoning • to retrieve & answer questions using the stored information • Machine learning • to adapt to new
circumstances 2/23/2023 Department of CSE (AI/ML) 13
14. Systems that act rationally:“Rational agent” • Rational behavior: doing the right thing • The right thing: that
which is expected to maximize goal achievement, given the available information • Giving answers to questions is
‘acting’. • I don't care whether a system: • replicates human thought processes • makes the same decisions as humans
• uses purely logical reasoning • Logic only part of a rational agent, not all of rationality • Sometimes logic cannot
reason a correct conclusion • At that time, some specific (in domain) human knowledge or information is used 2/23/2023
Department of CSE (AI/ML) 14
15. 2/23/2023 Department of CSE (AI/ML) 15
16. What is meant by agents? • In general, an entity that interacts with its environment. • perception through
sensors • Actions through effectors or actuators • Examples: • Human agent • eyes, ears, skin, taste buds, etc. for
sensors • hands, fingers, legs, mouth, etc. for actuators • powered by muscles • Robot • camera, infrared, bumper, etc.
for sensors • grippers, wheels, lights, speakers, etc. for actuators 2/23/2023 Department of CSE (AI/ML) 16
17. Agents and Environment • An agent perceives its environment through sensors • The complete set of inputs at
a given time is called a percept • The current percept, or a sequence of percepts may influence the actions of an agent •
It can change the environment through actuators • An operation involving an actuator is called an action • Actions can
be grouped into action sequences 2/23/2023 Department of CSE (AI/ML) 17
18. Agents and Their Actions • A rational agent does the right thing • The action that leads to the best outcome
under the given circumstances • An agent function maps percept sequences to actions • Abstract mathematical
description • An agent program is a concrete implementation of the respective function • It runs on a specific agent
architecture (platform) • Problems • What is the right thing? • How do you measure the best outcome? 2/23/2023
Department of CSE (AI/ML) 18
19. Performance of Agents • Criteria for measuring the outcome and the expenses of the agent • Often subjective,
but should be objective • Task dependent • Time may be important 2/23/2023 Department of CSE (AI/ML) 19
20. Performance evaluation examples • Vacuum agent • Number of tiles cleaned during a certain period • Based
on the agents report, or validated by an objective authority • Doesn't consider expenses of the agent, side effects •
Energy, noise, loss of useful objects, damaged furniture, scratched floor • Might lead to unwanted activities • Agent re-
cleans clean tiles, covers only part of the room, drops dirt on tiles to have more tiles to clean, etc. 2/23/2023
Department of CSE (AI/ML) 20
21. Rational Agents An agent is an entity that perceives and acts This course is about designing rational agents
Abstractly, an agent is a function from percept histories to actions: [f: P* A] For any given class of environments and
tasks, we seek the agent (or class of agents) with the best performance Caveatcomputational limitations make perfect
rationality unachievable design best program for given machine resources 2/23/2023 Department of CSE (AI/ML) 21
22. Purpose of Rational Agents • Study AI as rational agent - 2 advantages: • It is more general than using logic only
•
Because:
Report contentLOGIC + Domain knowledge • It allows extension of the approach with more scientific methodologies
2/23/2023 Department of CSE (AI/ML) 22
23. Topics to be covered in next session 2 • Types of Agent 2/23/2023 Department of CSE (AI/ML) 23 Thank you!!!
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