Lesson 1

Random
Variables and
Probability
Distributions
Statistics and Probability
Core Subject – Senior High School
 At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the
following:

1. Illustrate a random variable (discrete and

continuous) (M11/12SP-IIIa-1).
Learning 2. Distinguish between a discrete and a
Competen continuous random variable (M11/12SP-
cies IIIa-2).
3. Find the possible values of a random
variable (M11/12SP-IIIa-3).
4. Illustrate a probability distribution for a
discrete random variable and its properties.
(M11/12SP-IIIa-4).
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 At the end of the lesson, I should be able to:
1. Define a random variable.
2. Differentiate discrete and continuous
Learning random variables.
Objectives 3. Determine the possible values and
outcomes of a random variable.
4. Determine whether a random variable is
discrete or continuous.

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 For 5 minutes, interview 5 of your
classmates on their:
 age
 number of siblings
 favorite color
WARM –
 height and weight
UP
 usual daily allowance in school
 In a scale of 1 to 4, 4 being the highest
and 1 being the lowest, their rating on
their readiness in going back to school.

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  Statistics is a collection of methods that help us to
describe, summarize, interpret, and analyze data
(Heumann & Shalabh, 2016).
 Statistics is defined as a science that studies data to be
able to make a decision (Albert et. al, 2016).
 It involves the methods of collecting, processing,
summarizing and analyzing data in order to provide
Statisti answers or solutions to an inquiry.
 It enable us to characterize persons, objects, situations,
cs and phenomena; explain relationships among variables;
formulate objective assessments and comparisons; and,
more importantly make evidence-based decisions and
predictions.

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 1) Descriptive Statistics deals with
the methods of organizing,
summarizing, and presenting a mass of
data.
Two 2) Inferential Statistics is concerned
with making generalizations about a
Categori body of data where only part of it is
es of examined.
Statistics

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  A population is the entire group that
you want to draw conclusions about.
A sample is a specific group that
you will collect data from. The size of
the sample is always less than the total
size of the population.
Populati
on and
Sample

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 Mean
The sum of all observations in the data set is
divided by the total number of observations.
Median
A single value which divides an array (arranged
data set in ascending or descending order) of
Measure observations into two equal parts such that 50% of
the observations fall below it and 50% of the
s of observations fall above it.
Central Mode
Tendency The value which occurs most frequently in the data
set.
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 VARIABLE
It is any characteristic, number, or quantity
that can be measured or counted.
Categorical Variables (Qualitative)
These have values that describe a 'quality' or
'characteristic' of a data unit, like 'what type'
Types of or 'which category’.
Variable Numeric Variables (Quantitative)
s These have values that describe a
measurable quantity as a number, like 'how
many' or 'how much'.
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Levels of
Measurem
ent

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 1 Random Experiment
an experiment that can be
repeated numerous times under
the same conditions. Its result
must be independent of one
RANDOM another.
VARIABLE Example:
S Tossing a coin is a random
experiment.

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 2 Outcome
the result of a random
experiment.

RANDOM
VARIABLE Example:
S A possible outcome of tossing a
coin is a head or a tail.

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 3 Sample Space
The set of possible outcomes
of a random experiment;
denoted by a capital letter,
usually .
RANDOM
VARIABLE Example:
S The sample space of tossing a
coin is
.
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 Random Variable
4 a function that associates a numerical
value to every outcome of a random
experiment; denoted by a capital
letter, usually . The domain is the
sample space and the range is some
RANDOM set of real numbers.
VARIABLE
S

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 5 Discrete Random
Variables
are random variables that can
take on a finite (or countably
TYPES OF infinite) number of distinct
RANDOM Example:
values.
The number of phones produced by a
VARIABLE company is a discrete random variable since
S it can be counted as 0, 1, 2, 3, and so on. It
has an infinite number of values that can be
counted.
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 5 Continuous Random
Variables
are random variables that take an
infinitely uncountable number of
possible values, typically
TYPES OF measurable quantities.
RANDOM Example:
The height of a student is a continuous random
VARIABLE variable since its possible values can be
S represented by decimal numbers such as kg and
kg. The number of its possible values is not
countable, and there can be an infinite number of
values.
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Question How can we
to determine the
ponder possible outcomes
and values of random
variables?
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 Let be a random variable that
denotes the result of rolling a
Possible die. What are the possible values
Outcomes of ?
and Values
of a
Random  The sample space of
Variable rolling a die is .
 Thus, the possible values
of are , , , , , and .

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 A coin is flipped three times. If
represents the number of tails of
Possible the outcome, what are the
Outcomes possible values of ?
and Values
of a
Random 1. List the possible outcomes of the
Variable experiment.
 This can be done using a table or tree
diagram. Let represent heads and
represent tails.

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 A coin is flipped three times. If
represents the number of tails of the
outcome, what are the possible values
Possible of ?
Outcomes
and Values
of a
Random
Variable
From the given table, the possible outcomes
are:

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 A coin is flipped three times. If
represents the number of tails of the
outcome, what are the possible values
Possible of ?
Outcomes
and Values 2. Count the number of tails in each
outcome.
of a Possible Number of Tails
Random Outcomes
Variable HHH 0
HHT 1
HTH 1
HTT 2
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 A coin is flipped three times. If
represents the number of tails of the
outcome, what are the possible values
Possible of ?
Outcomes
and Values 2. Count the number of tails in each
outcome. (continuation)
of a Possible Number of Tails
Random Outcomes
Variable THH 1
THT 2
TTH 2
TTT 3
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 A coin is flipped three times. If
represents the number of tails of
Possible the outcome, what are the
Outcomes possible values of ?
and Values
of a
Random Based on the table, the number of
Variable tails can be 0, 1, 2, and 3.
Thus, the possible values of are
and

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 Given the following experiments and random variables, identify
the possible values and outcomes of the random variables and
for each random variable, identify whether the variable is
discrete or continuous.
1.Experiment: Rolling a pair of dice
Random Variable: Sum of numbers that appears in the pair of
dice
2.Experiment: Asking a friend about preparing for a quiz in
Statistics
Let’s try Random Variable: How much time (in hours) he/she spends
it! studying for the quiz
3.Experiment: Identifying the sex of family members in a family
with four children
Random Variable: The number of girls among the children
4. Experiment: Recording the number of hours one watches TV
from 7PM to 11PM for the past five nights.
Random Variable: The number of hours spent watching TV
from 7PM to 11PM
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 Identify a possible random
variable given the following
statistical experiments and list
its possible outcomes and
Individu values. Identify whether the
random variable is Discrete or
al Continuous.
Practice 1.A mother who will give birth to
a twin.
2.Asking a friend about the
sports they like.
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At the end of the lesson, I CAN:
1. Define a random variable.
2. Differentiate discrete and continuous
random variables.
3. Determine the possible values and
outcomes of a random variable.
4. Determine whether a random variable is
discrete or continuous.

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STUDY IN
ADVANCE
1. Probability distribution for a
discrete random variable and its
properties

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END OF
SESSION 1

Thank you
for your participation!

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