Computer
Programming
Arrays and exceptions
It is a capital mistake to theorise before one has the data
Sherlock
Holmes
Lecture
objectives
To be able to understand the following fundamental concepts
of the Java programming language:
• Arrays
• Exceptions
Array
• s programming construct
An array is a simple but powerful
• Consider this cumbersome expression
avgSales = (janSales + febSales + marSales + aprSales
+ maySales + junSales + julSales + augSales +
sepSales + octSales + novSales + decSales) /12;
• If the type of each field is identical we can create an
array
or list of values
• Instead of defining 12 variables, we define one and access it
with an index
Array
• s
An array is an ordered list of values
The entire array Each value has a numeric index
has a single name
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
scores 79 87 94 82 67 98 87 81 74 91
This array holds 10 values that are indexed from 0 to
9
Array
• s is referenced using the array
A particular value in an array
name followed by the index in square brackets
• For example, the expression
scores[2]
refers to the value 94 (which is the 3rd value in the array)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
scores 79 87 94 82 67 98 87 81 74 91
Array
• s
An array stores multiple values of the same type
• That type can be primitive types or objects
• Therefore, we can create
– an array of integers
– an array of doubles
– an array of characters, or
– an array of String objects etc.
• In Java, the array itself is an object
Declaring
• The scores Arrays
array could be declared in either of
the following ways:
int[ ] scores = new int[10];
or
int scores [ ] = new int[10];
• The type of the variable scores is int[]
– (an array of integers)
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Creates an array, fills it, modifies one value, then
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
prints them out.
public class BasicArray
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
int[ ] list = new int [3];
for (int index = 0; index < 3; index++)
list[index] = index * 10;
list[1] = 999; // change one
array value for (int index = 0; index < 3;
index++)
System.out.print (list[index] + " ");
0 }10 20 0 999 20
}
Practic
• e
Create an array that hold 5 integers
• Write a For loop to loop 5 times, each time prompting the
user to enter an integer
• Store each integer in the array
• Now create another For loop ( the same)
• Access each value in the array, print them and total them
• Print the total
public class AddNumbers Enter an
{ integer: 10
public static void main Enter an
(String[] args) integer: 20
{
Enter an
int total = 0;
int[ ] numbers = integer: 30
new int[5]; String Enter an
inputNum; integer: 40
for (int index = 0; index < 5; Enter an
index++)
{ integer: 50 10
inputNum 20
=JOptionPane.showInp 30
utDialog ("Enter an 40
integer: "); 50
numbers[index]
for (int index == 0; index < 5; index++) total = 150
{ Integer.parseInt(inputNum);
} System.out.println(numbers[index]);
total = total + numbers[index];
}
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog (null, “total =
“ + total);
}
}
Bounds
• Checking
Once an array is created, it has a fixed size
• An index used in an array reference must specify a valid
element
• That is, the index value must be in bounds (0 to n-1)
• The Java interpreter will throw an exception if an array
index is out of bounds
Bounds
• Each array objectChecking
has a public constant called length
that stores the size of the array ie the number of elements
• It is referenced using the array name (just like any other
object):
scores.length
public class ReverseNumbers
Array size = 3
{
Enter number 1:
public static void main 1
(String[] args)
Enter number 2:
{ 2
double[] numbers = new Enter number 3:
double[3 ]; String 3
inputNum;
System.out.println (“Array size = " + The numbers in
numbers.length); reverse: 3.0 2.0
for (int index = 0; index < numbers.length; 1.0
index++)
{
inputNum
=JOptionPane.showInputDi
alog ("Enter number " +
(index+1) + ": ");
numbers[index] =
Double.parseDouble(inputNum);
}
System.out.println ("The numbers in
reverse:");
Initializer
• Lists
An initializer list can be used to instantiate and initialize an
array in one step
• Values are delimited by braces and separated by commas
• Examples:
int[ ] units = {147, 323, 89, 933, 540, 269, 97, 114};
char[ ] letterGrades = {'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'F'};
Initializer
• Lists
Note that when an initializer list is used:
– the new operator is not used
– no size value is specified
• The size of the array is determined by the number of items
//
****************************************************
*********
// GradeRange.java
// Demonstrates the use of an array of String
objects.
//
****************************************************
**********
public class GradeRange
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
String[] grades = {“HD", “D", “CR", “P“,
} “N”};
} HD 8
0
int[] cutoff = {80, 70, 60, 50, 0};
D 7
0
for (int level = 0; level < cutoff.length;
CR 6
level++) System.out.println (grades[level]
0
+ "\t" + cutoff[level]);
Passing Array elements to
Methods
• You can pass a single array element to a method in
exactly the same way as you pass a variable
• The variables are local to the method and any changes to
variables passed into methods are not permanent
– ie changes are not reflected in the main() program
public class PassArrayElement
In main
{
method 5 In
public static void main (String [ ] args)
{ main method
int [ ] nums = {5, 10, 15}; 10 In main
for (int index = 0; index < nums.length; method 15
index++) In
System.out.println(“In main method “ + methodGetOn
for nums[index]);
(int index = 0; index < eInteger 5
nums.length; index++) After change
methodGetOneInteger(nums[ index]) 999
for ;(int index = 0; index < nums.length; index++) In
System.out.println(“At end of main method “ + methodGetOn
} nums[index]); eInteger 10
After change
public static void methodGetOneInteger (int 999
num) In
{ methodGetOn
System.out.println(“In eInteger 15
methodGetOneInteger “ + num); num After change
= 999; 999
System.out.println(“After change “ + At end of main
num); method 5 At end
Passing Arrays to
• Methods
Arrays are objects
• Arrays are passed by reference
– the method receives the memory address of the array and
has access to the actual values in the array elements
– the method can therefore change values in the array
public class PassArray
In main
{
method 5 In
public static void main (String [ ] args)
{ main method
int [ ] nums = {5, 10, 15}; 10 In main
for (int index = 0; index < nums.length; method 15
index++) In
System.out.println(“In main method “ + methodGetsAr
nums[index]);
methodGetsArray(nu ray 5
ms); In
for (int index = 0; index < nums.length; index++) methodGetsAr
System.out.println(“At end of main method “ + ray 10
} nums[index]); In
methodGetsArr
public static void methodGetsArray (int [ ] numsArray) ay 15
{ At end of main
for (int index = 0; index < numsArray.length; index+ method 999 At end
+) of main method
{ 999 At end of main
System.out.println(“In methodGetsArray “ + method 999
numsArray [index]); numsArray[index] = 999;
}
}
Pseudocod
• Creating an array e
create numbers array as new int [size]
• Using an array
– Very similar to java code
total = total + numbers [index]
Exception
s
• When a Java program performs an illegal operation,
– an exception happens
• Exceptions occur during program execution – not
compilation ie errors the compiler cannot detect
• If a program has no special provisions for dealing with
exceptions, it will behave badly if one occurs
– the program will terminate immediately
• Java provides a way for a program to detect that an
exception has occurred and execute statements that are
designed to deal with the problem.
Handling
• Exceptions
When an exception occurs (is thrown), the program has the
option of catching it.
• In order to catch an exception, the code in which the
exception might occur must be enclosed in a try
block.
• After the try block comes a catch block that catches
the exception (if it occurs) and performs the desired
action.
• There are various exceptions defined in java
• We are only learning NumberFormatException in this unit
Handling
try Exceptions
{
// one or more statements at least one of which may
// be capable of causing an exception
}
catch (exceptionName argument)
{
// one or more statements to execute if the exception occurs
}
• If an exception is thrown within the try block, and the
exception matches the one named in the catch block,
the code in the catch block is executed
• If the try block executes normally—without an
exception—the catch block is
NumberFormatException
• NumberFormatException
– Occurs when an attempt is made to convert a string that does
not contain the appropriate characters
– eg trying to convert alpha characters or spaces to an integer
try
{
int num = Integer.parseInt(“doh”);
}
catch (NumberFormatException e)
{
System.out.println("Error: Not an
integer");
}
Valid data
• entry
A robust program will not allow erroneous data input by a
user to cause it to crash
– If invalid data is entered it needs to be caught
• Put the try and catch blocks in a loop
– This allows the user multiple attempts to enter a valid data
Practic
• Write a do while loop that
e
– prompts a user to enter an integer between 1 and 10 inclusive
– Repeats the prompt while the number is not in that range
– Leave out exception handling
String
numStr;
int num =
0; do
{
numStr = JOptionPane.showInputDialog ("Enter an integer
between 1 and 10"); num = Integer.parseInt(numStr);
}
while (num < 1 || num > 10);
• Now use a try/ catch block to catch a
NumberFormatException
A
String solution
numStr;
int num =
0;
do
{
numStr
=
JOption
Pane.sh
owInpu
tDialog
("Enter
an
integer
whilebetwee
(num < 1 ||
Sentinels of
• Flags
Another name for a sentinel variable used for an event
controlled loop is a “flag”
• A flag indicates something of interest for program
control
• In exceptions if there is no valid number or range of
numbers – you can use a boolean variable to flag a valid or
invalid state
while (invalidNumber)
this is of course equivalent to and better programming style than:
while (invalidNumber == true)
boolean invalidNumber = true;
do
{
String userInputStr = JOptionPane.showInputDialog
("Enter an integer: ");
try
{
userInput =
Integer.parseInt(userInputStr);
invalidNumber = false;
}
catch (NumberFormatException e)
{
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog
(null, “That is not an integer");
Pseudocod
• e with indentation and END etc as
Show try and catch blocks
with loops and decisions
• Naming the end eg ENDTRY etc is only useful if there are
many lines of code in between
DO
numStr prompt user to "Enter an integer
between 1 and 10" TRY
num = Integer.parseInt(numStr);
END
CATCH
(NumberFormatExcepti
on) display error
messge
END
WHILE (num < 1 OR num >
10)
Lecture
Outcomes
Today we have covered:
– arrays
– initializer lists
– passing individual array elements to methods
– passing arrays to methods
– exceptions
• Questions?
