Lecture 2

• Variable
• Arrays
• String
 Java Variable Types

Variable is name of reserved area allocated in

memory.
There are three kinds of variables in Java:
• Local variables
• Instance variables
• Class/static variables
class A
{
int c=10;//instance variable
static int b=100;//static variable
Public static void method(String args[])
{
int a=90;//local variable
A r=new A();
System.out.print(a);
System.out.print(A.b);
System.out.print(r.c);
}
}
Local variables :
• Local variables are declared in methods, constructors, or
blocks.
• Local variables are created when the method,
constructor or block is entered and the variable will be
destroyed once it exits the method, constructor or block.
• Access modifiers cannot be used for local variables.
• Local variables are visible only within the declared
method, constructor or block.
• Local variables are implemented at stack level internally.
• There is no default value for local variables so local
variables should be declared and an initial value should
be assigned before the first use.
Instance variables :
• Instance variables are declared in a class, but
outside a method, constructor or any block.
• When a space is allocated for an object in the
heap a slot for each instance variable value is
created.
• Instance variables are created when an object is
created with the use of the key word 'new' and
destroyed when the object is destroyed.
• Instance variables hold values that must be
referenced by more than one method, constructor
or block, or essential parts of an object’s state
that must be present through out the class.
Class/static variables :
• Class variables also known as static variables
are declared with the static keyword in a class,
but outside a method, constructor or a block.
• There would only be one copy of each class
variable per class, regardless of how many
objects are created from it.
• Static variables are stored in static memory. It
is rare to use static variables other than
declared final and used as either public or
private constants.
Java Modifier Types
• Modifiers are keywords that you add to those
definitions to change their meanings. The Java
language has a wide variety of modifiers,
including the following:
• Java Access Modifiers
• Non Access Modifiers
Access Control Modifiers:
• Java provides a number of access modifiers to
set access levels for classes, variables,
methods and constructors. The four access
levels are:
• Visible to the package. the default. No
modifiers are needed.
• Visible to the class only (private).
• Visible to the world (public).
• Visible to the package and all subclasses
(protected).
Private access modifier
• The private access modifier is accessible only within class.
class A{
private int data=40;
private void msg(){System.out.println("Hello java");}
}

public class Simple{

public static void main(String args[]){
A obj=new A();
System.out.println(obj.data);//Compile Time Error
obj.msg();//Compile Time Error
}
}
• If you make any class constructor private, you
cannot create the instance of that class from
outside the class.
Note: A class cannot be private or protected
except nested class.
default access modifier
• If you don't use any modifier, it is treated as default by
default. The default modifier is accessible only within package.
package pack;
class A{
void msg(){System.out.println("Hello");}
}
//save by B.java
package mypack;
import pack.*;
class B{
public static void main(String args[]){
A obj = new A();//Compile Time Error
obj.msg();//Compile Time Error
}
protected access modifier
• The protected access modifier is accessible
within package and outside the package but
through inheritance only.
• The protected access modifier can be applied
on the data member, method and constructor.
It can't be applied on the class.
//save by A.java
package pack;
public class A{
protected void msg(){System.out.println("Hello");}
}
//save by B.java
package mypack;
import pack.*;

class B extends A{
public static void main(String args[]){
B obj = new B();
obj.msg();
}
} Output:Hello
public access modifier
• The public access modifier is accessible
everywhere. It has the widest scope among all
other modifiers.
Non Access Modifiers:
Java provides a number of non-access modifiers
to achieve many other functionality.
• The static modifier for creating class methods
and variables
• The final modifier for finalizing the
implementations of classes, methods, and
variables.
• The abstract modifier for creating abstract
classes and methods.
 Java Array
• Array is a collection of similar type of elements
that have contiguous memory location.
• Java array is an object that contains elements
of similar data type.
• It is a data structure where we store similar
elements.
• We can store only fixed set of elements in a
java array.
• Array in java is index based, first element of
the array is stored at 0 index.
Advantage of Java Array
• Code Optimization: It makes the code
optimized, we can retrieve or sort the data
easily.
• Random access: We can get any data located
at any index position.
Disadvantage of Java Array
• Size Limit: We can store only fixed size of
elements in the array. It doesn't grow its size
at runtime. To solve this problem, collection
framework is used in java.
 Types of Array in java
There are two types of array.
• Single Dimensional Array
• Multidimensional Array

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 Single Dimensional Array in java
Syntax to Declare an Array in java
dataType[] arr; (or)
dataType arr[];
Instantiation of an Array in java
Array RefVar=new datatype[size];
Example
int a[]=new int[5];

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 Example of single dimensional java array
class Testarray{
public static void main(String args[]){
int a[]=new int[5];
a[0]=10;
a[1]=20;
a[2]=70;
a[3]=40;
a[4]=50;
for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++)
System.out.println(a[i]);
}} webtech.xcellenttutorial.com
 Example of single dimensional java array
class Testarray
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int size,i;
Scanner r=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print(“Enter the size of array”);
size=r.nextInt();
Int a[] =new int[size];
For(i=0;i<size;i++)
{
a[i] =r.nextInt();
}
S.O.P(“printed array elements”)
for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++)
System.out.println(a[i]);
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}}
Declaration, Instantiation and Initialization
of Java Array
We can declare, instantiate and initialize the java array
together by:
int a[]={33,3,4,5};//declaration, instantiation and initialization

class Testarray1{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a[]={33,3,4,5};//declaration, instantiation and initialization
//printing array
for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++)//length is the property of array
System.out.println(a[i]);
}}
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 Multidimensional array in java
In such case, data is stored in row and column
based index (also known as matrix form).
Syntax to Declare Multidimensional Array in java.
• dataType[][] arrayRefVar; (or)
• dataType arrayRefVar[][]; (or)
• dataType []arrayRefVar[];

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Example to instantiate Multidimensional Array in java
int[][] arr=new int[3][3];//3 row and 3 column
Example to initialize Multidimensional Array in java
arr[0][0]=1;
arr[0][1]=2;
arr[0][2]=3;
arr[1][0]=4;
arr[1][1]=5;
arr[1][2]=6;
arr[2][0]=7;
arr[2][1]=8;
arr[2][2]=9; webtech.xcellenttutorial.com
 Example of Multidimensional java array
class Testarray3{
public static void main(String args[]){
//declaring and initializing 2D array
int arr[][]={{1,2,3},{2,4,5},{4,4,5}};
//printing 2D array
for(int i=0;i<3;i++){
for(int j=0;j<3;j++){
System.out.print(arr[i][j]+" ");
}
System.out.println();
}
}} webtech.xcellenttutorial.com
class Testarray5{
public static void main(String args[]){
int a[][]={{1,3,4},{3,4,5}};
int b[][]={{1,3,4},{3,4,5}};
int c[][]=new int[2][3];
for(int i=0;i<2;i++){
for(int j=0;j<3;j++){
c[i][j]=a[i][j]+b[i][j];
System.out.print(c[i][j]+" ");
}
System.out.println();//new line
}
}} webtech.xcellenttutorial.com
Java String
• Generally, String is a sequence of characters. But in Java, string is an object
that represents a sequence of characters. The java.lang.String class is used
to create a string object.
• How to create a string object?
• There are two ways to create String object:
– By string literal
– By new keyword
• 1) String Literal
• Java String literal is created by using double quotes. For Example:
• String s="welcome";
• 2) By new keyword
• String s=new String("Welcome");//
creates two objects and one reference variable
• In such case, JVM will create a new string object in normal (non-pool)
heap memory, and the literal "Welcome" will be placed in the string
constant pool. The variable s will refer to the object in a heap (non-pool).
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 Java String Example
// Java Program to demonstrate
// String
public class StringExample {

// Main Function
public static void main(String args[])
{
String str = new String("example");
// creating Java string by new keyword
// this statement create two object i.e
// first the object is created in heap
// memory area and second the object is
// created in String constant pool.

System.out.println(str);
}
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}
Java String Example
public class S
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String a = "example";
System.out.println(a);
String b = "example";
System.out.println(b);
a.concat(“Kumar”);
System.out.println(a);

}
} webtech.xcellenttutorial.com
Java String Example
public class S
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String a = new String("example");
System.out.println(a);
String b = new String("example");
System.out.println(b);
a.concat(“Kumar”);
System.out.println(a);

}
} webtech.xcellenttutorial.com
 Java String Example
public class A
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String a = "example";
String b = new String("example");
if(a.equals(b))
{
System.out.println(“True”);
}
else
{
System.out.println(“False”);
}
}
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}
Java String Example
public class A
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String a = “ankit";
String b = “rahul";
System.out.println(“a.toLowercase”);
System.out.println(“a.toUppercase”);
System.out.println(“b.length”);
String c = “ ankush ";
String b = “ ";
System.out.println(c.trim());
System.out.println(d.isEmpty”);
System.out.println(b.charAt(2));
System.out.println(a.indexOf(“k”));
System.out.println(b.equals(a));
System.out.println(d.replace(‘r’,’e’);
}
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}
 Java String Example
public class A
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String buffer r =new buffer(“Coading in java”)
System.out.println(r.reverse());
}
}

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