Fundamentals

of IoT
UNIT – 1 INTERNET OF THINGS
Introduction to IoT
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of
physical devices that are connected to the internet to collect,
share, and exchange data. In the past, the internet was mainly
used to connect people through services like email, video calls,
and social media.
But now, with the Internet of Things (IoT), we are
connecting objects or things — not just humans.These objects
include household and personal items such as refrigerators,
lights, fans, cars, watches, TVs, cameras, and air conditioners.
Once these devices are connected, they can collect data
from their environment, share information with other devices,
and perform actions automatically without human involvement.
EXAMPLES
Smart Home
A motion sensor can detect when someone enters a room and automatically turn on
the lights.
Smart Agriculture
Soil moisture sensors can monitor dryness and signal the sprinkler system to water
the crops when needed, saving both water and labor.
Smart Refrigerator
It can keep track of food items and notify the user when milk or eggs are running
low, or even place an order online automatically.
Smart Vehicles
Sensors monitor tire pressure and alert the driver when it drops below a safe level,
helping to prevent accidents.
Smart Thermostat
Automatically adjusts the room temperature based on the weather and occupancy,
saving energy and ensuring comfort.
Smart Streetlights
Streetlights with motion sensors brighten when someone is nearby and dim when
the area is empty, saving electricity.
Wearable Fitness Devices
Smartwatches track heart rate, steps, sleep, and alert the user about health-
related data in real time.
Smart Door Locks
Automatically lock or unlock using your smartphone or fingerprint, and send
alerts if someone tries to break in.
Smart Waste Management
Sensors in garbage bins detect when they are full and alert the waste collection
department to empty them.
Smart Parking Systems
Sensors detect available parking spots and guide drivers to the nearest empty
space using a mobile app
Smart Health Monitoring
Devices monitor patients’ vital signs like heart rate, blood pressure, or sugar
levels and notify doctors automatically if needed.
Smart Air Quality Monitors
Sensors track pollution levels in real-time and warn users if the air becomes
unhealthy.
Smart Fire Alarms
Detect smoke or gas leaks and send instant alerts to your phone or fire
department for quick action.
Smart Supply Chain
Sensors in trucks monitor temperature and location of goods in real time,
ensuring safe and timely deliveries.
Smart Classrooms
IoT-based systems control lighting, projectors, and attendance tracking
automatically based on classroom conditions.
Solar powered air quality
Wi-Fi enabled soil moisture
sensor -sending data via SMS.
Characteristics of IoT
Connectivity
IoT devices must be connected to a network to send and receive data.
Example: A smart bulb connects to Wi-Fi and can be turned on or off using a
mobile app.
Intelligence
Devices use data and logic to make decisions automatically.
Example: A smart air conditioner learns your daily routine and switches on
before you reach home.
Unique Identification
Each device has a unique identity like an IP address, allowing it to be identified
and managed.
Example: Your smartwatch syncs only with your phone because of its unique
ID.
Scalability
The system should support a growing number of devices without performance issues.
Example: A smart city system with thousands of connected sensors running smoothly.

Dynamic and Self-Adapting

Devices automatically adjust to changing conditions in their environment.
Example: A surveillance camera adjusts brightness automatically depending on day or
night.

Architecture (Heterogeneity)
IoT supports devices from different manufacturers using different technologies.
Example: A smart home where a Samsung fridge, a Philips smart bulb, and a Xiaomi
camera all work together.
Security and Safety
Data and devices must be protected from cyberattacks and unauthorized access.
Example: A smart door lock uses fingerprint verification to allow only trusted
people in.

Self-Configuration and Upgradation

Devices can install updates and configure themselves with minimal human help.
Example: A smart speaker automatically updates its software and connects to new
devices.

Interoperability
Devices should be able to work with other systems and platforms using common
standards.
Example: A Google Home device controlling smart bulbs made by another
company.
Embedded Sensors and Actuators
Sensors collect data, and actuators perform actions based on that data.
Example: A temperature sensor senses heat, and an actuator turns on a fan.

Autonomous Operation
Devices operate on their own without the need for constant human input.
Example: A robot vacuum cleans your house and returns to its charging dock
automatically.

Data-Driven
IoT systems rely heavily on data to monitor, control, and make predictions.
Example: A fitness tracker uses your activity data to suggest improvements to your
daily routine.
Ubiquity (Pervasiveness)
IoT devices are widely present in different environments like homes, cities, and
industries.
Example: Smartwatches, smart traffic systems, and smart security cameras are
commonly used today.

Context Awareness
Devices can understand the situation or environment and act accordingly.
Example: Smart lights that automatically turn off when no one is in the room.

Energy Efficiency and Low Power Usage

Devices are designed to consume less power and sleep when not needed.
Example: A smart smoke detector stays in sleep mode and only activates when
it detects smoke.
IoT Architectures
3-Layer Architecture:
1. Perception Layer
2. Network Layer
3. Application Layer

5-Layer Model:
Adds Processing and Business Layers
Physical & Logical Design of IoT
Physical Design: Devices, Sensors, Protocols
Logical Design: Architecture, Functional Blocks,
Communication APIs
Enabling Technologies in
IoT
- Sensors and Actuators
- Networking Technologies
- Cloud Computing
- Big Data Analytics
- AI and Machine Learning
History of IoT
1982: First IoT Device (Coke Machine)
1999: Term 'IoT' by Kevin Ashton
2000+: Growth of RFID, Cloud, and Smart Devices
About Things in IoT
Smart objects like appliances, vehicles, and machines
equipped with sensors and actuators form the backbone of
IoT.
The Identifiers in IoT
Devices are identified using:
- MAC Address
- IP Address
- RFID Tags
- Unique IDs
About the Internet in IoT
The 'Internet' connects things globally using protocols like
TCP/IP, MQTT, CoAP, and RESTful APIs.
IoT Frameworks
- AWS IoT Core
- Azure IoT Suite
- Google Cloud IoT
- OpenIoT
- IBM Watson IoT
IoT and M2M
M2M is device-to-device communication.
IoT builds on M2M with internet, analytics, and cloud
integration.
Applications: Home
Automation
Smart Homes use IoT to control lighting, security, and
appliances remotely.
Applications: Smart
Cities
Uses include traffic control, waste management, and
surveillance systems.
Applications: Energy
IoT enables smart grids, energy consumption monitoring,
and predictive maintenance.
Applications: Retail
Management
Inventory tracking, smart shelves, and personalized
shopping experiences.
Applications: Logistics
Fleet tracking, asset monitoring, and warehouse automation
improve efficiency.
Applications: Agriculture
Soil sensors, automated irrigation, and livestock monitoring
help in smart farming.
Applications: Health &
Lifestyle
Wearables, fitness trackers, and remote health monitoring
support well-being.
Applications: Industrial
IoT
Sensors and automation in manufacturing enhance
productivity and safety.
Legal Challenges in IoT
Privacy, data ownership, cybersecurity, and regulatory
compliance are major concerns.
IoT Design Ethics
Ethical design includes transparency, consent, data
protection, and responsible AI.
IoT in Environmental
Protection
IoT is used for pollution monitoring, wildlife tracking, and
disaster response.