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Unit - 4 Dynamic Programming Introduction

Dynamic Programming is a technique for solving optimization problems with overlapping subproblems by recording results in a table to find the optimal solution. The process involves characterizing the optimal solution structure, recursively defining its value, computing it in a bottom-up manner, and constructing the solution. It differs from Divide and Conquer and Greedy Algorithms in that it focuses on globally optimal solutions and avoids redundant calculations.

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6 views8 pages

Unit - 4 Dynamic Programming Introduction

Dynamic Programming is a technique for solving optimization problems with overlapping subproblems by recording results in a table to find the optimal solution. The process involves characterizing the optimal solution structure, recursively defining its value, computing it in a bottom-up manner, and constructing the solution. It differs from Divide and Conquer and Greedy Algorithms in that it focuses on globally optimal solutions and avoids redundant calculations.

Uploaded by

Yashvant Solanki
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter – 4

Dynamic Programming

1
Introduction
 Dynamic Programming is typically applied to the
optimization problems.

 Such problems can have many possible solutions.


Each Solution has a value, and we wish to find an
optimal (best) solution with optimal (maximum or
minimum) value.

 Dynamic programming is a technique for solving


problems with overlapping sub problems.
In this method each sub problem is solved only once.
The result of each sub problem is recorded into a
table from which we can obtain the solution of main
problem. 2
Steps of Dynamic Programming

1. Characterize the structure of an optimal solution.


(i.e. Develop a mathematical notation that can
express solution for the given problem)

2. Recursively defines the value of an optimal


solution.

3. Compute the value of an optimal solution in a


bottom-up fashion.

4. From computed information, Construct an


optimal solution.
3
Principle of optimality

 The dynamic programming algorithm obtains the


solution using ‘principle of optimality’.
 The principle of optimality states that “In an
optimal sequence of decisions (or choices), each
subsequence must also be optimal”.
 When it is not possible to apply the principle of
optimality it is almost impossible to obtain the
solution using the dynamic programming.

4
Problems that can be solved using
Dynamic Programming

1) Calculating the Binomial Coefficient


2) Making Change Problem
3) 0/1 Knapsack problem
4) Matrix chain multiplication
5) Assembly Line-Scheduling
6) All Pair Shortest path
7) Longest Common Subsequence and many more

5
Divide and Conquer Dynamic Programming
1) The problem is divided into sub 1) All the possible solutions to a
problems. All sub problems are problem are obtained and the
solved independently. Finally all the 6 solution with optimal value becomes
solutions of the sub problems are the solution of the problem.
combined to get the solution of
given problem.
2) It uses Top-Down approach. 2) It uses Bottom-Up approach.

3) It uses Recursion. 3) It uses Iteration.


4) Each sub problem is independent 4) Sub problems are dependent and
of each other. overlapping.
5) It splits inputs at specific points. 5) It splits inputs at each and every
possible points.
6) Lots of repetition of work; so It is 6) No repetition of work; so It is
less efficient. more efficient.
7) Key to Divide and Conquer is 7) Key to Dynamic Programming is
‘Division’ into sub problems. ‘Remembering’.
8) Ex. Binary Search, Merge Sort, 8) Ex. Making Change Problem,
Quick Sort Matrix Chain Multiplication, 0/1
Knapsack
Greedy Algorithms Dynamic Programming

1) Optimal Solution is not 1) Optimal Solution is


guaranteed. guaranteed.
2) It focuses on locally optimal 2) It focuses on globally optimal
solution. solution.

3) So, it doesn’t consider all the 3) So, it considers all the


possible solutions of a problem. possible solutions of a problem.

4) Sub problems do not overlap. 4) Sub problems overlap.

5) It does less work. 5) It does more work.

6) Ex. Minimum Spanning Tree, 6) Ex. Making Change Problem,


Huffman Code, Fractional Matrix Chain Multiplication, 0/1
Knapsack problem Knapsack problem
8

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