DR

CHAPTER-10
D R D E E PA K C H AW L A

DATA PROCESSING
NEENA SONDHI

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-1

The data preparation process

DR

DATA EDITING
D R D E E PA K C H AW L A

DATA CODING
NEENA SONDHI

DATA CLASSIFICATION

DATA TABULATION

EXPLORATORY DATA ANALYSIS

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-2

Field work validation

Pre-survey
DR

 In case the form has been translated into another language

 The questionnaire survey has to be done at multiple locations and if
one has outsourced to outside research investigators , thus there
might have been discrepancy in conduction or recording
D R D E E PA K C H AW L A

Post-survey
 The qualifying instructions like-“in case answer is ----- please answer
NEENA SONDHI

the next set of questions else go to question-------.” were overlooked.

 The respondent seems to have used the same response category for
all the questions.
 The form that is received back is incomplete.
 The form has been filled in by someone who is not representative of
the population to be studied.
 The forms are not in proportion to the sampling plan.

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-3

Benefits of data editing

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The data obtained is complete in all respects.

It is accurate in terms of information recorded and

responses sought.
D R D E E PA K C H AW L A

Questionnaires are legible and are correctly

NEENA SONDHI

deciphered, especially the open ended questions.

The response format is in the form that was instructed.

The data is structured in a manner that entering the

information will not be a problem.

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-4

Data editing
Field editing: usually done by the field investigators at the
DR

end of every field day the investigator(s) who must

review the filled forms for any inconsistencies, non-
response, illegible responses or incomplete
questionnaires.
D R D E E PA K C H AW L A
NEENA SONDHI

Centralized in-house editing: usually done at the

researcher’s end.
Backtracking
Allocating missing values
Plug value
Discarding unsatisfactory responses

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-5

Data coding
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The process of identifying and denoting a numeral to

the responses given by the respondent is called
coding
D R D E E PA K C H AW L A

Field
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Record

File

Data matrix

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-6

Data coding
DR

Sample record: Excel sheet for two-wheeler owners

Vehicle
Column 3 Km/day Family size
D R D E E PA K C H AW L A

Unit occupation Column 4 Marital status Column 6

Column 1 Column 2 Column 5
1 4 1 20 1 3
NEENA SONDHI

2 3 2 25 2 1
3 5 1 25 1 4
4 2 1 15 2 2
5 4 2 20 2 4
6 5 2 35 2 6
7 1 1 40 1 3
8 5 2 20 2 4

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-7

Code book formulation

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Appropriate to the research objective

D R D E E PA K C H AW L A

Comprehensive
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Mutually exclusive

Single variable entry

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-8

Pre-Coding
closed-ended questions
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Dichotomous questions:
Do you eat ready-to-eat food? Yes=1; no=0 (X-1)
Ranking questions
D R D E E PA K C H AW L A

Q.NO. Variable name Coding instructions Variable name

1. Balika Badhu Number from 1-10 X 10a
2. Sathiya Number from 1-10 X 10b
NEENA SONDHI

3. Sasural Genda Phool Number from 1-10 X 10c

4. Bidai Number from 1-10 X 10d
5. Pathshala Number from 1-10 X 10e
6. Bandini Number from 1-10 X 10f
7. Laptaganj Number from 1-10 X 10g
8. Sajan Ghar Jaaana Hai Number from 1-10 X 10h
9. Tere Liye Number from 1-10 X 10i
10. Uttaran Number from 1-10 X 10j

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-9

Pre-Coding
Closed-ended questions
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Checklists/multiple responses
How many columns will you make for the following
question?
D R D E E PA K C H AW L A

Which of the following newspapers do you read (tick all that you read)
NEENA SONDHI

Times of India --------------------

Hindustan Times ---------------------
Mail Today ----------------------
Indian Express ---------------------
Deccan Chronicle ---------------------
Asian Age ----------------------
Mint ----------------------.

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-10

Pre-Coding
Closed-ended questions
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Scaled questions
Col.no. Variable name Coding instructions Variable name
1. Individual shops more A number from 1 to 5 X 1a
D R D E E PA K C H AW L A

SA = 5, A = 4, N = 3, D =
2, SD = 1
NEENA SONDHI

2. Well informed - do - X 1b
3. Knows what to buy - do - X 1c
4. More spending money - do - X 1d
5. More shopping options - do - X 1e

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-11
Sample code book extract
Symbol
Question used for
Variable Name Coding Instruction
No. variable
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name
Yes = 1
1. Buy ready to eat food products X1
No = 0
Yes = 1
2. Use ready to eat food products X2
No = 0
Less than 20 yrs = 1,
21 to 26 years = 2,
22. Age 27 to 35 years = 3, X22
36 to 45 years = 4,
More than 45 years = 5
D R D E E PA K C H AW L A

Male = 1
23. Gender X23
Female = 2
Single = 1
24. Marital status Married = 2 X24
Divorced/widow = 3
NEENA SONDHI

25. No. of children Exact no. to be written X25

One to two = 1,
26. Family size Three to five = 2, X26
Six & more = 3
Rs.20000 to Rs.34999 = 1,
Rs.35000 to Rs.50000 = 2,
27. Monthly household income X27
Rs.50001 to Rs.74999 = 3
Rs.75000 & above = 4
Less than graduation = 1
28. Education Graduation = 2 X28
Post graduation & above = 3
Student = 1
Businessman = 2
Professional = 3
29. Occupation X29
Service = 4
Housewife = 5
Others = 6

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-12

Post-Coding
Open-ended questions
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If you think Lean was a success so far, please specify

three most significant reasons that have contributed to its
success in your opinion?
D R D E E PA K C H AW L A

Col.no. Variable name Coding instructions Variable name

63. Yes = 1 X 63a

Improvement at work place by eliminating waste.
No = 0
NEENA SONDHI

64 Yes = 1 X 63b
To meet increasing demands of customers
No = 0
65 Yes = 1 X 63c
To improve quality
No = 0
66 Yes = 1 X 63d
To achieve corporate goal
No = 0
67 Yes = 1 X 63e
It reduces cycle time of the manufacturing & production.
No = 0
68 Yes = 1 X 63f
Reduced response time
No = 0
69 Yes = 1 X 63g
Enhanced innovation and creativity
No = 0

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-13

Classification and tabulation of data

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Classification by attributes: mostly categorical

Classification by class intervals: this could be

D R D E E PA K C H AW L A

exclusive or inclusive
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Tabulation: arrangement of data into an orderly

arrangement of rows and columns in order to subject it
to statistical analysis

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-14

Exploratory data analysis

DR

Sample characteristics: age group of the sample

Age groups frequency percent

D R D E E PA K C H AW L A

20-25 27 27.0
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26-30 37 37.0
31-35 9 9.0
36-40 22 22.0
41-45 3 3.0
46 & above 2 2.0
Total 100 100.0

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-15

Exploratory data analysis

pie charts
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Age Group

20-25
26-30
31-35
36-40
D R D E E PA K C H AW L A

41-45
46 & Above
NEENA SONDHI

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-16

Exploratory data analysis

bar charts
DR

Age Group

40
D R D E E PA K C H AW L A

30
Frequency
NEENA SONDHI

20

10

0
20-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46 & Above

Age Group

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-17

Exploratory data analysis

histograms
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Histogram
D R D E E PA K C H AW L A

6
Frequency

4
NEENA SONDHI

Mean =18.3553
Std. Dev. =6.55777
0
N =15
10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00

purchase in gms

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-18

Exploratory data analysis

stem and leaf diagrams
DR

Purchase distribution of customers purchase of

gold jewellery
D R D E E PA K C H AW L A

13 1339
15 668
NEENA SONDHI

16 36
17 37
18 2
22 2
31 0
35 6

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-19

Statistical software packages

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MS EXCEL

MINITAB
D R D E E PA K C H AW L A

System for Statistical Analysis(SAS)

NEENA SONDHI

Statistical Software for Social Sciences(SPSS)

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 D R D E E PA K C H AW L A DR
NEENA SONDHI

RESEARCH
CONCEPTS AND
END OF CHAPTER