Discovering Computers

Chapter 13
Programming
Languages and
Program
Development
Chapter 13 Objectives
Describe
Describevarious
variousways
waystotodevelop
developWeb
Webpages
pages
including HTML, scripting languages,
including HTML, scripting languages,
DHTML,
DHTML,XML,XML,WML,
WML,and andWeb
Webpage
page
Differentiate authoring software
Differentiatebetween
betweenmachine
machine authoring software
and assembly languages
and assembly languages
Identify
Identifythe
theuses
usesof
ofpopular
popularmultimedia
multimedia
authoring programs
authoring programs
Identify
Identifyand
anddiscuss
discussthe
thepurpose
purposeof
of
procedural
proceduralprogramming
programminglanguages
languages
List
Listthe
thesix
sixsteps
stepsin
inthe
theprogram
program
development cycle
development cycle
Identify
Identifyand
anddiscuss
discussthe
thecharacteristics
characteristicsof
of
object-oriented
object-orientedprogramming
programminglanguages
languagesand
and
program
programdevelopment
developmenttools
tools Differentiate
Differentiatebetween
betweenstructured
structureddesign
designand
and
object-oriented design
object-oriented design
Identify
Identifythe
theuses
usesof
ofother
otherprogramming
programming
languages
languages and other programdevelopment
and other program development
tools
tools Explain
Explainthe
thebasic
basiccontrol
controlstructures
structuresand
and
design
designtools
toolsused
usedin
indesigning
designingsolutions
solutionsto
to
programming
programmingproblems
problems

Next
 Computer Programs and Programming
Languages

What is a computer program?

 Series of instructions that directs computer to
perform tasks
 Programming language—used to communicate
instructions

p. 664 Fig. 13-1 Next

 Computer Programs and Programming
Languages

What are low-level languages and high-level languages?

Low-level
Low-level High-level
High-level
language
language language
language
Machine-dependent
Machine-dependent Often
Oftenmachine-independent
machine-independent
runs
runsonly
onlyon
onone
onetype
typeofofcomputer
computer can
canrunrunon
onmany
manydifferent
different
types
typesofofcomputers
computersand
andoperating
operating
Machine
Machineand
andassembly
assemblylanguages
languages systems
systems
are
arelow-level
low-level

p. 665 Next
 Low-Level Languages
What is machine language?
 Only language computer
directly recognizes
 Uses a series of binary
digits (1s and 0s) with a
combination of numbers
and letters that represent
binary digits

p. 665 Fig. 13-2 Next

 Low-Level Languages
What is assembly language?
 Instructions made up of
symbolic instruction
codes, meaningful
abbreviations and codes
 Source program contains
code to be converted to
machine language

p. 666 Fig. 13-3 Next

 Procedural Languages
What is a procedural language?

Programmer writes
instructions that tell Uses series of English-like
computer what to accomplish words to write instructions
and how to do it

Often called third-generation

language (3GL)

p. 666 Next
 Procedural Languages
What is a compiler?
 Program that
converts entire
source
program into
machine
language
before
executing it

p. 667 Fig. 13-4 Next

 Procedural Languages
What is an interpreter?
 Program that
translates and
executes one
program code
statement at
a time
 Does not produce
object program

p. 667 Fig. 13-5 Next

 Procedural Languages
What is C?
 Powerful language originally designed to write system
software
 Requires professional programming skills

COBOL

C
p. 668 Fig. 13-6 and 13-7 Next
 Object-Oriented Programming
Languages
What is an object-oriented programming (OOP) language?

Used to Major benefit Event-driven— Java, C++, C#,

implement is ability to checks for and Visual Basic
object-oriented reuse existing and responds are complete
design objects to set of events object-oriented
languages
Object is
item that Event is
contains action to
data and which
procedures program
that act on responds
data

p. 669 Next
 Object-Oriented Programming
Languages
What is Java?
 Developed by Sun
Microsystems
 Similar to C++ but
uses just-in-time
(JIT) compiler to
convert source
code into machine
code

Click to view Web

Link, click Chapter 13, Click
Web Link from left
navigation, then click
Java below Chapter 13

p. 669 Fig. 13-8 Next

 Object-Oriented Programming
Languages
What is C++?
 Includes all elements of C, plus additional features
for working with object-oriented concepts
 Used to develop
database and
Web applications

Click to view Web

Link, click Chapter 13, Click
Web Link from left
navigation, then click
C++ below Chapter 13

p. 670 Fig. 13-9 Next

 Object-Oriented Programming
Languages
What is C#?
 Object-oriented programming language based on C++
 Accepted as a standard for Web applications and
XML-based Web services
 Uses a JIT compiler
 Resulting code is called Microsoft Intermediate
Language (MSIL)

Click to view Web

Link, click Chapter 13, Click
Web Link from left
navigation, then click
C# below Chapter 13

p. 670 Next
 Object-Oriented Programming
Languages
What is a visual programming language?

Visual programming Provides visual or

environment (VPE)
graphical interface for
allows developers to
drag and drop objects creating source code
to build programs

Sometimes called
fifth-generation
language
Programmer writes
and implements
Often used in RAD program in segments
(rapid application
development)
environment
p. 669 and 673 Next
 Object-Oriented Programming
Languages
What is Visual Studio?
 .NET is set of technologies that allows program to run on Internet
 Comprised of Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual C#, and Visual J#

Step 1. The Step 2. The developer

developer assigns properties to each
designs the object on the form.
user interface.

Step 3. The
developer
writes code
Click to view Web Link, to define the
click Chapter 13, Click action of each
Web Link from left command button.
navigation, then click
Visual Studio Tools for Office
below Chapter 13
p. 670 - 672 Fig. 13-10
Step 4. The developer Next
tests the program.
 Object-Oriented Programming
Languages
What is Delphi?
 Powerful visual programming tool
 Ideal for large-scale enterprise and Web applications

p. 672 Fig. 13-11 Next

 Object-Oriented Programming
Languages
What is PowerBuilder?
 Another powerful visual programming tool
 Best suited for Web-based and large-scale
enterprise object-oriented applications

p. 673 Fig. 13-12 Next

 Other Programming Languages

 What are nonprocedural languages and program

development tools?

Nonprocedural
Nonprocedural Program
Language ProgramDevelopment
Development
Language Tools
Tools
The
Theprogrammer
programmerwrites
writesEnglish-
English- User-friendly
User-friendlyprograms
programs
like
likeinstructions
instructionsororinteracts
interacts designed
designedtotoassist
assistboth
both
with
withaavisual
visualenvironment
environmenttoto programmers
programmers and usersinin
and users
retrieve
retrievedata
datafrom
fromfiles
filesororaa creating
creatingprograms
programs
database
database

p. 669 and 674 Next

 Other Programming Languages

What is RPG (Report Program Generator)?

 Nonprocedural language used for generating reports,
performing computations, and updating files

p. 674 Fig. 13-13 Next

 Other Programming Languages

What is a fourth-generation language (4GL)?

 Nonprocedural language that allows access to data in
database
 Popular 4GL is SQL, query language that allows users to
manage data in relational DBMS

p. 674 Fig. 13-14 Next

 Other Programming Languages

What are other available programming languages?

ADA ALGOL APL

BASIC FORTH FORTRAN HYPERTALK

LISP LOGO MODULA-2

PASCAL PILOT PL/1 PROLOG

JSP SMALLTALK
p. 675 Fig. 13-15 Next
 Web Page Development
What is HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)?
 Used to create Web pages

Click to view Web

Link, click Chapter 13, Click
Web Link from left
navigation, then click
HTML below Chapter 13

p. 678 Fig. 13-18 Next

 Web Page Development
How are special effects and interactive elements added
to a Web page?

Script Applet Servlet ActiveX

interpreted usually runs applet that control
program that on client, but runs on small program
runs on client is compiled server that runs on
client

Counter Image map Processing

tracks graphic form
number of image that collects data
visitors to points to from visitors
Web site URL to Web site

p. 679 Next
 Web Page Development
What is dynamic HTML (DHTML)?
 Allows developers to
include more graphical
interest and interactivity
in Web page

Click to view Web

Link, click Chapter 13, Click
Web Link from left
navigation, then click
DHTML
below Chapter 13
p. 682 Fig. 13-21 Next
 Web Page Development
What are XHTML, XML, and WML?
XHTML
(Extensible HTML) Includes features of HTML
enables Web sites to be displayed and XML
more easily on microbrowsers

XML Server sends entire record to

(Extensible Markup Language) client, enabling client to do
allows developers to much of processing without
create customized tags going back to server
RSS 2.0

WML
Many PDAs and smart
(Wireless Markup Language) phones use WML as their
allows developers to design pages markup language
specifically for microbrowsers

p. 682 - 683 Next

 Multimedia Program
Development
What is multimedia authoring software?
 Combines text,
graphics, animation,
audio, and video into
interactive presentation
 Used for computer-
based training (CBT)
and Web-based training
(WBT)
 Software includes
Toolbook, Authorware,
and Director

p. 684 Fig. 13-22 Next

 The Program Development
Cycle
What is the program development cycle?
 Steps programmers use to build computer programs
 Programming
team—Group of
programmers
working on
program

p. 685 - 686 Fig. 13-23 Next

 Step 1 — Analyze Requirements
What is involved in analyzing the requirements?
1. Review requirements
2. Meet with systems analyst and users
3. Identify input, output, processing, and data
components
 IPO chart—
Identifies
program’s inputs,
outputs, and
processing steps

p. 686 Fig. 13-24 Next

 Step 2 — Design Solution
What is involved in designing the solution?

Object-oriented
Two design
approaches

Devise Structured
solution design, sometimes
algorithm, called top-down design
step-by-step
procedure to
solve problem Programmer
begins with general
design and moves toward
detailed design

p. 687 Next
 Step 2 — Design Solution
What is a hierarchy chart?
 Shows program modules graphically
 Also called structure chart

p. 687 Fig. 13-25 Next

 Step 2 — Design Solution
What is object-oriented (OO) design?
 Programmer packages data and
procedure into single unit, an object
 Objects are grouped into classes
 Class diagram represents hierarchical
relationships of classes graphically

Click to view Web

Link, click Chapter 13, Click
Web Link from left
navigation, then click
Object-Oriented Design
below Chapter 13
p. 688 Fig. 13-26 Next
 Step 2 — Design Solution
What is a case control structure?
 Yields one of three or more possibilities

p. 689 Fig. 13-29 Next

 Step 2 — Design Solution
What is a repetition control structure?
 Enables program to perform one or more actions
repeatedly
 Do-while control
structure—repeats as
long as condition is
true
 Do-until control
structure—repeats
until condition is true

p. 689 - 690 Figs. 13-30–13-31 Next

 Step 2 — Design Solution
What is pseudocode?
 Uses condensed form
of English to convey
program logic

p. 690 and 692 Fig. 13-35 Next

 Step 3 — Validate Design
What is involved in validating the design?
Programmer checks
Check program logic for correctness
design for accuracy and attempts to uncover
logic errors

Logic error
design flaw
Desk check that causes
programmers use test inaccurate results
data to step through logic

Inspection
Test data systems analyst reviews
sample data that deliverables during the system
mimics real data that development cycle
program will process

p. 693 Next
 Step 4 — Implement Design
What is implementation?
 Writing the code that translates the design into a program
 Syntax—rules that specify how to write instructions
 Comments—program documentation
 Extreme programming (XP)—coding and testing as soon as
requirements are defined

p. 693 - 694 Fig. 13-38 Next

 Step 5 — Test Solution
What is involved in testing the solution?

Debugging—locating and
Ensure program runs correctly
correcting syntax and logic
and is error free errors, or bugs

Test copy of program,

called beta, sometimes
used to find bugs

p. 695 - 696 Next

 Step 6 — Document Solution
What is involved in documenting the solution?
 Programmer performs two activities

Reviews
Reviewsprogram
programcode
code
—removes
—removesdead deadcode,
code,
program
programinstructions
instructions
that
thatprogram
programnever
never Reviews
Reviews
executes
executes documentation
documentation

p. 696 Next
 Summary of Programming Languages and Program
Development

Various
Variousprogramming
programminglanguages
languages
used
usedto
towrite
writeand
anddevelop
develop
computer
computerprograms
programs
Web
Webdevelopment
developmentand
andmultimedia
multimedia
development
developmenttools
tools
The
Theprogram
programdevelopment
development
cycle
cycleand
andthe
thetools
toolsused
usedtotomake
make
this
thisprocess
processefficient
efficient

Chapter 13 Complete