Testing

Statistics and Probability

Hypothesi
s
 Where Am I Now?
Identify the region where each of the given
values falls.

1. 𝑡 = C B
2. 𝑡 = 0.15 3. 𝑡 = B
1.95 4. 𝑡 = A 5. 𝑡 = −1.45
C
−2.4 2.73
 Objectives
After going through this lesson, you are expected
to:
1. define and illustrate the null hypothesis,
alternative hypothesis, level of significance,
rejection region, and types of errors in
hypothesis testing;
2. identify the rejection and non-rejection regions
and the critical values; and
3. differentiate Type I and Type II errors in
claims and decisions.
 Hypothesis testing
 a statistical method applied in making
decisions using experimental data.
 basically testing an assumption that we make
about a population.

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation,

assertion, or assumption about a population
parameter or about the distribution of a random
variable.
 Hypothesis testing
Here are the examples of questions you can
answer with a hypothesis test:
 Does the mean height of Grade 12 students
differ from 66 inches?
 Do male and female Grade 7 and Grade 12
students differ in height on average?
 Is the proportion of senior male students’
height significantly higher than that of senior
female students?
 The Null and Alternative
Hypothesis
 The null hypothesis is an initial claim based
on previous analyses, which the researcher tries
to disprove, reject, or nullify. It shows no
significant difference between two parameters.
It is denoted by .
 The alternative hypothesis is contrary to the
null hypothesis, which shows that observations
are the result of a real effect. It is denoted by .
 Example 1: The Null and Alternative
Hypothesis
The school record claims that the mean score in
Math of the incoming Grade 11 students is 81.
The teacher wishes to find out if the claim is true.
She tests if there is a significant difference
between the batch mean score and the mean
score of students in her class.
Solution:
 Let 𝜇 be the population mean score
 be the mean score of students in her class.
 Example 1: The Null and Alternative
Hypothesis
Option 1:
: The mean score of the incoming Grade 11 students is 81
(or 𝜇 = 81).
: The mean score of the incoming Grade 11 students is not
81 (or 𝜇 ≠ 81).
Option 2:
: The mean score of the incoming Grade 11 students has no
significant difference with the mean score of her students
or 𝜇 = .
: The mean score of the incoming Grade 11 students has a
significant difference with the mean score of her students
 Example 2: The Null and Alternative
Hypothesis
Based on the claim of Sofia that “the average
daily usage of social media of her friends is the
same as the global average usage”, formulate
two hypotheses about the global average usage
(𝜇) and the average usage of her friends ().
: : The average daily usage of Sofia’s friends is the
same as the global average usage. (𝜇 = )
: The average daily usage of Sofia’s friends is not
the same as the global average usage. (𝜇 ≠ )
 Level of Significance
 The level of significance denoted by alpha or
α refers to the degree of significance in which
we accept or reject the null hypothesis.
 100% accuracy is not possible in accepting or
rejecting a hypothesis.
 The significance level α is also the probability
of making the wrong decision when the null
hypothesis is true.
 In public health research alpha is usually 0.01
or 1%. In social science, alpha is usually 0.05 or
5% and 0.10 or 10% in other studies.
 Level of Significance
 This implies that there is 1%, 5%, or 10%
probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.
 In symbol, it is written as:
α = 0.01 α = 0.05 α = 0.10

If the alternative hypothesis used ≠, then alpha

will be divided by 2.
= 0.005 = 0.025 = 0.05
 Example 1: Level of Significance
Maria uses 5% level of significance in proving
that there is no significant change in the average
number of enrollees in the 10 sections for the last
twomeans
*It years.that the chance that the null hypothesis ()
would be rejected when it is true is 5%.
𝛼 = 0.05 is
actually the area
under the normal
curve within the
rejection region.
 Example 2: Level of Significance
In 2015, it was recorded that around 34% of the
population in 2015 were not married. A researcher
surveyed a random sample of 500 couples. He found
out that 18% of them were living together but
unmarried. Test at 5% significance level if the
current percentage of unmarried couples is different
from 34%.
= 0.025
Two-Tailed Test vs One-Tailed Test
 When the alternative hypothesis is two-sided
like : 𝜇 ≠ , it is called two-tailed test.
 When the given statistics hypothesis assumes a
less than or greater than value, it is called
one-tailed test.
≠ not equal, different from, changed from, not the
same as
> greater than, above, higher than, longer than,
bigger than, increased
< less than, below, lower than, smaller than, shorter
than, decreased or reduced from
Example 1: Two-Tailed Test vs One-Tailed
Test
The school registrar believes that the average
number of enrollees this school year is not the
same as the previous school year.
*In the above situation, let be the average number of
enrollees last year.
:𝜇=
:𝜇≠
If uses ≠, use a
two-tailed test.
Example 1: Two-Tailed Test vs One-Tailed
Test
However, if the school registrar believes that the
average number of enrollees this school year is
less than the previous school year, then you will
have:
:𝜇=
:𝜇<
Use the left-tailed
when contains the
symbol <.
Example 1: Two-Tailed Test vs One-Tailed
Test
On the other hand, if the school registrar
believes that the average number of enrollees
this school year is greater than the previous
school year, then you will have:
:𝜇=
:𝜇>
Use the right-tailed
test when contains
the symbol >.
 Illustration of the Rejection
Region
The rejection region (or critical region) is
the set of all values of the test statistic that
causes us to reject the null hypothesis.
 The non-rejection region (or acceptance
region) is the set of all values of the test
statistic that causes us to fail to reject the null
hypothesis.
 The critical value is a point (boundary) on the
test distribution that is compared to the test
statistic to determine if the null hypothesis
Illustration of the Rejection
Region
 Example 1: Illustration of the Rejection
Region
A medical trial is conducted to test whether a certain
drug reduces cholesterol level or not. Upon trial, the
computed z-value of 2.715 lies in the rejection area.
*The computed value is greater than the
critical
 : Thevalue.
certain drug The computed z-value is at the
is not effective in rejection region. Therefore, we
reducing reject the null hypothesis , in
favour of .
cholesterol level.
 : The certain drug
is effective in
reducing
cholesterol level.
 Example 2: Illustration of the Rejection
Region
Sketch the rejection region of the test hypothesis with
critical values of ±1.753 and determine if the computed
t-value of –1.52 lies in that region.
Solution: Draw a *The computed t-value is
t-distribution at the non-rejection
curve. Since there region. Therefore, we
fail to reject the null
are two critical
hypothesis, 𝐻𝑜.
values, it is a two-
tailed test. Locate
the critical values
and shade the
rejection regions.
 Type I and Type II Errors
Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true is
called a Type I error with probability denoted by
alpha (𝜶). In hypothesis testing, the normal curve
that shows the critical region is called the alpha
region.
 Accepting the null hypothesis when it is false is
called a Type II error with probability denoted by
beta (𝛃). In hypothesis testing, the normal curve
that shows the acceptance region is called the beta
region.
 The larger the value of alpha, the smaller is the
Type I and Type II Errors
If the null hypothesis is
true and accepted, or if
it is false and rejected,
the decision is correct.
If the null hypothesis is
true and rejected, the
decision is incorrect,
and this is Type I
error.
If the null hypothesis is
false and accepted,
the decision is
incorrect, and this is a
Type I and Type II Errors