STORAGE DEVICES
By: Abhishek Srivastava
Introduction to Storage
Computer data storage, often called
storage or memory, is a technology
consisting of computer components and
recording media used to retain digital
data.
Memory Hierarchy
Storag Storage
e
Primary Secondary Tertiary
Regist
Cache Main
Magneti Optical
ers
c Disk Disk
Primary Memory
Primary Registers • These are located inside the processor. Each register typically holds a word of data (often 32 or 64 bits
• Registers are the fastest of all forms of computer data storage.
storage
often referred
to simply as
memory, is
the only one
directly
accessible to Cache • It is an intermediate stage between ultra-fast registers and much slower main memory.
•Most actively used information in the main memory is just duplicated in the cache memory, which is faster, but of much lesser capacity.
the CPU. The
CPU
continuously
reads
instructions
stored there Main •Main memory is directly or indirectly connected to the central processing unit via a memory bus
•It consists of RAM & ROM
and executes
Secondary Memory
Secondary
storage differs
Magnetic
•It is usually used as secondary storage. The time taken to access a given byte of information stored on a
hard disk is typically a few thousandths of a second, or milliseconds.
from primary
•It includes tape, Hard disk, floppy Disk etc.
storage in that
it is not
directly
accessible by
the CPU. The
computer
usually uses
its input/
output
channels to Optical •An optical disk is a high-capacity storage medium. An optical drive uses reflected light to read data.
•It includes CD-R, CD-RW, DVD, Blue ray etc.
access
secondary
storage and
transfers the
Types of Storage Techniques
Storage
Techniques
Magnetic Storage Optical Storage
Magnetic Storage
Diskettes (floppy disks)
A magnetic
disk's
medium
contains Hard disks
iron
particles,
which can High-capacity floppy disks
be polarized
—given a
magnetic
charge—in Disk cartridges
one of two
directions(i.
e. north or Magnetic tape
south).
How Magnetic Memory works
?
Hard Disk Drive
Typically mounted inside the
computer
Provides permanent storage
and quick access
Stores information either on
small disks called platters or
in integrated memory chips
Read and write operations are
managed by the controller
Data is transferred to and
from the motherboard by the
host adapter
Floppy Disk Drives
Rapidly becoming
obsolete but still found in
legacy applications
Most recent configuration
accepted a removable 3
1/2" disk with a storage
capacity of 1.44 MB
Traditionally assigned
drive letters A: and B:
Power supplied through a
4-pin Mini power
Connector (Molex)
Data transferred to
motherboard through a
Optical Storage
Data is
Compact Disk
recorded to
this type of
media by
stamping
irregularities
onto the Digital versatile Disk
surface of the
disc, or
"burned" into it
using a laser,
in a spiral
pattern that Blue Ray Disk
runs from the
inside to the
outside of the
disk.
How Optical Device works?
1 0
Compact Disk
Used for digital data
storage
Formats include read-
only (CD-ROM), write-once
audio and data storage
(CD-R), and rewritable
media (CD-RW).
Storage capacity ranges
from 650-900MB.
DVD
DVD discs can be single or double
sided.
each DVD side may contain a
second invisible "layer" to increase
the disc's storage capacity.
4.7GB capacity(single-sided/single-
layer)
8.5GB capacity
(single-sided/double-layer)
9.4GB capacity
(double-sided/single-layer)
17.1GB capacity
(double-sided/double-layer)
Blue Ray Disk
High-density optical
disc created with a
blue laser
Used to store HD video
and large amounts of
data
25-50GB storage
capacity single-layer
50-100GB storage
capacity dual-layer
Flash Memory
Flash memory cards
have high-capacity
storage laminated
inside a small piece of
plastic
Flash memory cards
do not need a drive
with moving parts to
operate
Flash Memory Talk
Compact Flash (CF)
Example
s of xD-Picture Card (xD)
Flash
Memory Smart Media (SM) Card
Secure Digital (SD) card
Multi Media Cards (MMC)
Tertiary Memory
Tertiary storage or tertiary
memory, provides a third level
of storage. Typically it involves
a robotic mechanism which will
mount and dismount
removable mass storage media
into a storage device according
to the system's demands; this
data is often copied to
secondary storage before use.
Examples are Tape libraries&
optical juke boxes
Memory Addressing
Memory is a collection of
cells, each with a unique
physical/memory address
Each cell can hold one byte
or 8 bits
The cell contents can change,
but the cell address or
reference to the cell is always
the same.
Storage Memory Terms
1 Byte = 8 bits
1 Kilobyte (KB) ≈ 1 Thousand Bytes
1 Megabytes ≈ 1 Million Bytes
(MB) ≈ 1 Billion Bytes
1 Gigabytes (GB)≈ 1 Trillion Bytes
1 Terabytes (TB)≈ 1 quadrillion Bytes
1 Petabyte (PB)≈ 1 quintillion Bytes
1 Exabyte (EB)
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