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Week13 Sampling Secil

The document outlines various sampling methods used in research, defining key terms such as population, sample, and subject. It distinguishes between probability sampling, which includes techniques like simple random, systematic, stratified, cluster, area, and double sampling, and nonprobability sampling, which includes convenience, judgmental, and quota sampling. The importance of representativeness in sampling is emphasized to ensure generalizability of research findings.

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3 views20 pages

Week13 Sampling Secil

The document outlines various sampling methods used in research, defining key terms such as population, sample, and subject. It distinguishes between probability sampling, which includes techniques like simple random, systematic, stratified, cluster, area, and double sampling, and nonprobability sampling, which includes convenience, judgmental, and quota sampling. The importance of representativeness in sampling is emphasized to ensure generalizability of research findings.

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eylül çamalan
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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RESEARCH METHODS

Sampling Methods

•Definition of sampling
•Types of sampling,
•Examples

1
SAMPLING

• Population refers to the entire group of


people, events, or things of interest that the
researcher wishes to investigate.
• Element  is a single member of the
population.
• Population Frame  is a listing of all the
elements in the population from which the
sample is to be drawn.
• Sample  comprises some members selected
from the population.
• Subject  is a single member of the sample.

2
SAMPLING

• SAMPLING  is the process of selecting


a sufficient number of elements from the
population so that by studying the
sample, and understanding the
properties of the sample subjects, we
will be able to generalize the properties
to population elements.

3
SAMPLING

WHY WE USE SAMPLING ?

• Practical

• Time, cost & other human resources

• Reliable results  less fatigue, fewer errors in collecting


data

• Sometimes, impossibility of using the entire population.

4
SAMPLING
• REPRESENTATIVENESS IS VERY IMPORTANT

• IF WE CHOOSE THE SAMPLE IN A SCIENTIFIC WAY, WE CAN BE


REASONABLY SURE THAT THE SAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS WILL BE
AS CLOSE TO POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS AS POSSIBLE.

• THE MORE REPRESENTATIVE THE SAMPLE  IS OF THE


POPULATION, THE MORE GENERALIZABLE ARE FINDINGS OF THE
RESEARCH.

5
SAMPLING
two general sampling strategies:

Probability sampling Nonprobability sampling


the likelihood of any one the likelihood of selecting any
member of the population one member from the
being selected is known. population is not known.
e.g. 100 / 4500 = 0,022 e.g. if population frame is not available

The selection of participants is The selection of participants is not


random. The chance that the random. The chance that the
sample will truly represent sample will truly represent the
the population is great. population is weak.

6
SAMPLING

Probability sampling Nonprobability sampling


•Simple random
•Convenien
ce
•Systematic •Judgmenta
l
•Stratified random •Quota

•Cluste
r
•Area

•Doubl
e

7
ÖRNEKLEME
YÖNTEMLERİ

Olasılıklı Olasılıklı Olmayan


(TESADÜFÜ) (TESADÜFÜ OLMAYAN)
Örnekleme Örnekleme
Yöntemleri Yöntemleri
Gelişigüzel Örnekleme
SAMPLING
Probability Sampling

1.Simple Random Sampling


•All elements in the population are considered, and each element has an
equal and independent chance of being chosen to be part of the sample.
•Equal means that there is no bias that one person will be chosen rather than another.
•Independent means that the choice of one person does not bias the researcher for or
against the choice of another.

•High generalizability of findings. 


•Not as efficient as stratified sampling. 

9
SAMPLING
The process of simple random sampling consists of the following
four steps:

1. The definition of the population from which you want to select the
sample.

2. The listing of all the members of the population.

3. The assignment of numbers to each member of the population.

4. The use of a criterion to select the sample you want.


(The criterion can be "drawing numbers" from the list or using a "computer
program.")

10
SAMPLING

Probability Sampling

2. Systematic Sampling

Every nth element in the Population Frame is chosen to start from a


random point.

The term nth stands for a number between 0 and the size of the
sample.

Easy to use if population frame is available. 

11
SAMPLING

systematic sampling

to select 10 names from the list of 50.

1.Divide the size of population by the size of the desired sample.

Size of population 50
= 5 Size of step
Size of sample 10
2. As the starting point, choose one name from the list at random.
3. Once the starting point has been determined, select every fifth name.

12
SAMPLING
Probability Sampling

3. Stratified Random Sampling

Population is first divided into meaningful segments; after that subjects are
drawn.
This technique is the Most efficient among the probability designs 

13
SAMPLING

Probability Sampling

4. cluster sampling

Units of individuals are selected rather than individuals


themselves.

In geographical clusters, the costs of data collection are low. 

The least reliable among all the probability sampling designs. 

14
SAMPLING

Probability Sampling

5. Area sampling
sampling within a particular area or locality.

Cost-effective 
Useful for decisions regarding location 

15
SAMPLING
Probability Sampling

6. Double sampling

The same sample or a subset of the sample is studied twice.

Offers more detailed information on the topic of study. 

16
SAMPLING
Nonprobability Sampling
•General properties:
•The probability of selecting a single individual is not known.

•There is no population frame.

•The potential members of the sample do not have an equal and independent
chance of being selected.

•Whether the sample represents the population is not known.


•The findings obtained in the sample can not be generalized to the population.

:
•Executing is cheap, easy, and quick.

17
SAMPLING
Nonprobability Sampling

1. Convenience sampling

The most easily accessible members are chosen as subjects.

Quick, convenient, less expensive. 

18
SAMPLING

Nonprobability Sampling

2. Judgmental sampling
Subjects are selected based on their
expertise in the subject investigated.
Sometimes, the only meaningful way to
investigate. 

Ex: R & D employees


19
SAMPLING
Nonprobability Sampling

3. Quota sampling
Subjects are conveniently chosen from
targeted groups according to some
predetermined number or quota.

20

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