TWO WAY SLAB DESIGN

NAME REGISTRATION NUMBER

RITWIK
. PATTANAYAK D222307540
SUBHENDU SHIT D222307541
DIPANKAR OJHA D232408857
SUMAN PATRA D232408864

CONTAI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

 CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Objectives
 Design Theory & Figures
 Load Calculations
.
 Reinforcement Detailing
 Discussion With Examples
 Conclusion
 INTRODUCTIO
Definition
N
A two-way slab is a reinforced concrete slab that is supported on all four sides, enabling it to
carry loads in both perpendicular directions (X and Y axes). Unlike a one-way slab, where loads
are transferred primarily in one direction, a two-way slab distributes forces more efficiently
across its surface, leading to improved structural stability and load-carrying capacity.

Purpose

The purpose of designing a two-way slab is to ensure:

• Adequate strength to resist applied loads (dead load, live load, etc.)
• Sufficient stiffness to control deflection
• Adequate crack control for durability
• Safe transfer of loads to supporting beams or walls

Application

Two-way slabs are commonly used in:

• Residential buildings (flats, apartments)

• Commercial buildings (offices, malls)
• Industrial buildings (warehouses, factories)
• Parking structures
• Hospitals and educational buildings
 OBJECTIVES
The design of a two-way slab is aimed at achieving efficient load distribution, structural stability, and durability in
reinforced concrete structures. The key objectives include:

• Balanced Load Transfer :

Ensures that loads are distributed in both X and Y directions, reducing excessive stress concentration in a single
span. - Prevents localized failure and improves overall stability.
• Optimized Structural Performance :
Helps achieve thinner slabs compared to one-way designs while maintaining strength and stiffness. - Reduces
excessive deflections under applied loads, ensuring serviceability.
• Effective Reinforcement Design :
Provides main reinforcement in both directions to counteract bending moments. - Ensures proper spacing and bar
selection to meet strength requirements while minimizing material costs.
• Compliance with Design Codes (IS 456:2000) :
Follows standard provisions for bending moment calculation, reinforcement detailing, and cover requirements. -
Maintains durability and safety by adhering to strength and serviceability guidelines.
• Crack Control & Long-Term Serviceability :
Limits crack widths through efficient reinforcement layout, enhancing slab lifespan. - Improves resistance to
thermal and shrinkage stresses, ensuring minimal structural deterioration.
• Versatile Applications in Construction :
Designed for multi-story buildings, parking structures, industrial floors, and bridge decks. - Enables open space
layouts by minimizing the need for excessive beams and columns.
 DESIGN THEORY & FIGURES
1. Span Ratio (Ly/Lx) Criterion:
• If ( Ly/Lx < 2 ): The slab behaves as a two-way slab, carrying loads in both directions.
• If ( Ly/Lx >or= 2 \): The slab acts as a one-way slab, with loads carried predominantly in the
shorter span.
2. Effective Depth (d):
Assume an initial effective depth using the deflection criteria (L/d ratio from IS 456:2000 Table 2).
Typical values:
• Simply supported: L/d = 35
• Continuous: L/d = 40
• Cantilever: L/d = 7
4. Effective span:
Effective span in X-direction:
(i) Centre to centre + support width
(ii) Clear span + Effective depth,
Similarly effective span in Y direction
5. Loading:
Calculate factored load (w):
w = 1.5 × (DL + LL)
DL = dead load (self-weight of slab + finishes)
LL = live load (occupancy load)
 DESIGN THEORY & FIGURES
6. Bending Moment & Shear Force Calculation (IS 456:2000):
For a simply supported two-way slab, bending moments in the X and Y
directions are determined using empirical coefficients:
Mx = αx w × Lx²
My = ay w × Ly²
Where: Mx , My = Bending moments in short and long spans.
ax, ay = Moment coefficients from IS 456:2000, depending on support conditions.
w = Uniformly distributed load per unit area (dead load + live load).
Lx , Ly = Effective spans of the slab.

Maximum Shear Force = Vu

Vu = Wu lx/2
8. Check Shear:
Calculate nominal shear stress:
Τυ = Vu/ bd
• V = factored shear force
• b = width (1 m strip)
• Compare Tu with permissible Te (from IS 456:2000 Table 19).
 LOADS CALCULATIONS
The load calculations for “two-way slab” involve determining the dead load, live load, and floor finish
load acting on the slab. Here’s a structured breakdown:

• Load Components:
The total load on the slab is typically the sum of several components. For each component,
calculate the load per unit area (kN/m²):

i. Dead Load (Self-weight of the Slab):

The dead load is determined from the density of reinforced concrete (commonly taken
as 25 kN/m³) multiplied by the overall slab thickness. For instance, if the slab is
160 mm thick (0.16 m),
the self-weight would be:
Dead load = 0.16 m 25 kN/m^3 = 4 kN/m^2

ii. Floor Finish Load:

This accounts for the additional load due to finishes like tiles, screed, etc. A typical
value may be around 1 kN/m².-

iii. Live Load:

The live load depends on the usage of the building. For instance, a
residential room might have a live load of 2 kN/m², while other occupancies might require higher
values.
Thus, the total imposed load (q) may be expressed as:
q = Dead load + Floor finish load + Live load.
For our example:
q = 4 + 1 + 2 = 7 kN m^2.
Often, in ultimate limit state design, we apply load factors (for instance, 1.5 for dead load and 1.5
for live load) to obtain the factored load; however, the combination used may vary as per code
 REINFORCEMENT
Primary (Main)DEATAILING
Reinforcement Categories and Their Functions:
A. Reinforcement- Purpose:
Resists the major bending moments observed in the slab. In continuous two-way slab systems, the
reinforcement provided along the critical sections (usually near supports versus mid-span) is
determined by moment analysis as per codes like IS 456:2000.
• Location: For regions experiencing negative moments (e.g., near interior supports), the
reinforcement is provided at the top face of the slab. - For positive moments (e.g., mid-span
regions), the reinforcement is placed at the bottom face.
• Bar Selection: The diameter and spacing of the main bars depend on the calculated required
reinforcement area. Typical bar diameters might range from 10 mm to 16 mm, with spacing varying
from 150 mm to 250 mm based on moment magnitudes and prevailing code requirements.
B. Secondary (Distribution) Reinforcement:
• Purpose: Controls crack widths, redistributes stresses, and supports load redistribution under
service loads.
• Layout: These bars run in the direction perpendicular to the primary reinforcement. Even though
moments are lower in one direction, proper spacing ensures a stable, ductile response and reduces
the risk of localized failure.
• Spacing: Often provided at closer spacing than main reinforcement, which might be in the ranges
of 150–200 mm c/c, ensuring that crack control criteria are met along both principal directions.
C. Development Length & Anchorage:
Ensure proper anchorage and development lengths are provided at supports and critical regions.
Hooks or bends are typically used at discontinuities such as column faces or drop panels.
D. Cover:
A minimum cover (20–25 mm, or as specified for certain exposures) is maintained to guard
against corrosion and to ensure proper bond strength between concrete and steel.
E. Column Zones and Edges:
Densification of reinforcement is provided with bent-up bars, adequate development length,
and lap splices as per the code requirements.
 DISCUSSION WITH
EXAMPLES
Problem Statement:
Design a reinforced concrete two-way slab for a room with effective clear dimensions of 4 m x 5 m. The slab is fixed
along all edges. Assume: Live Load = 4 kN/m²,Floor Finish = 1 kN/m²,Concrete Grade = M20,Steel Grade =
Fe415,Support conditions: Fixed (at corners held down)
1. Load Calculations:
Dead Load from Slab: Assume a preliminary overall depth D of about 160 mm (0.16 m).
• DL from slab thickness = 0.16 x 25 = 4 kN/m².
• Additional Loads: Floor finish = 1 kN/m².
• Live load = 4 kN/m².
• Total Unfactored Load: q = DL + Floor Finish + Live Load = 4+1+4= 9 kN/m².
• Factored Load (Wu):Wu = 1.5 × 9 = 13.5 kN/m².

2. Effective Dimensions:
Assuming a 1-m wide strip for design, the effective area considered is 1 m × span.The clear
spans are 4 m and 5 m along the two directions, respectively, and these will be used in moment
calculations.
3. Calculation of Bending Moments:
• Shorter Span Moment (e.g., along the 4 m span):Suppose the moment coefficient for fixed edge conditions in
the shorter span is Xx (typically around 0.047 for negative moment at the support or about 0.067 for midspan,
depending on detailed analysis).Mx = ax × Wux LM0.067 x 13.5 x (4)2 = 0.067 x 13.5 x 16 14.5 kNm (per meter
width)For simplicity, assume midspan bending moment expression: Using a ≈ 0.067 (for a rough conservative
estimation).
• Longer Span Moment (along the 5 m span):Assume ay≈ 0.044 :M=0.044 x 13.5 x (5)² = 0.044 x 13.5 x 25 =
14.85 kNm (per meter width).
 DISCUSSION WITH
4. EXAMPLES
Effective Depth (d):
An approximate ratio for two-way slabs might start withEffective
depth d≈ Span 20 to Span 30For the 5 m span, if we choose d≈
5000 30 ≈167 mm (this value can be adjusted after moment
5. Designingcheck).
Steel Reinforcement:
Using the simplified flexural design equation for the required area of
steel Ast:Ast = Mu/0.87 fy*d
where is the lever arm factor (typical values around 0.9).
Converting Mu in N-mm (e.g., 14.5 kN·m = 14,500 N·m = 14,500,000 N-mm) and
taking fy = 415 N/mm²,

we get: Ast = 14,500,000 14,500,000 0.87 x 415 × 0.9 × 167 54,7500 ≈ 265
mm²/mSimilar computations are done for the other direction, and then checks
against minimum reinforcement of 0.12% of the cross-sectional area are
performed.
Shear Check:
The design shear force is estimated from: Wux L 2 V=For the 4 m span: V = 13.5 x
4 2 = 27 kN/mCompare this with the nominal shear capacity using the provisions
of IS 456; if it's inadequate, provide shear reinforcement.
 DISCUSSION WITH
EXAMPLES
Reinforcement Layout and DetailingGrid Layout:
A typical two-way reinforcement layout might have reinforcement provided at
150-200 mm center-to-center in both directions. For regions near columns or
supports, increase the bar density or provide distribution steel.
Bar Choices:
Standard bar diameters (e.g., 10 mm or 12 mm) can be selected based on the
computed required area of steel. As shown above, if the computed area per
H
meter width is 265 mm², a 10 mm bar (area ~78.5 mm²) provided at appropriate
spacing could meet this requirement.Anchorage and Development Length:Ensure
bars are properly anchored with development lengths as specified in IS 456.
 CONCULSION

Conclusion of Two-Way Slab Design Two-way slab design involves

calculating the slab thickness, reinforcement area (Ast), and
spacing of reinforcement bars. The design ensures the slab can
withstand loads, bending moments, and shear forces.Key
Considerations:1. Slab thickness: Determined based on span,
load, and material properties.2. Reinforcement: Designed to resist
bending moments and shear forces.3. Deflection: Checked to
ensure the slab meets serviceability requirements.Design Steps:1.
Determine slab thickness.2. Calculate bending moments and
shear forces.3. Design reinforcement (Ast) in both directions.4.
Check deflection and cracking.Importance:Two-way slab design is
crucial for ensuring the structural integrity and safety of buildings,
bridges, and other infrastructure projects.