COMPUTER BASICS

WHAT IS COMPUTER ?
 WHAT IS COMPUTER?

• A COMPUTER IS AN ELECTRONIC DEVICE • C - COMMON

THAT PROCESSES, STORES, AND • O - OPERATING
RETRIEVES INFORMATION. IT'S
• M - MACHINE
ESSENTIALLY A MACHINE THAT TAKES
INPUT, FOLLOWS INSTRUCTIONS, AND • P – PARTICULARLY (OR) PURPOSELY
GENERATES OUTPUT.
• U - USED FOR
• CHARLES BABBAGE IS OFTEN
• T - TECHNOLOGICAL AND
CONSIDERED THE "FATHER OF THE
COMPUTER" . • E - EDUCATIONAL
• R - RESEARCH
1st Generation
of Computer
The first generation
of computers,
spanning from 1946
to 1959,
was characterized
by the use of
vacuum tubes for
logic circuitry and
memory
2nd and 3rd
Generation of
Computer
The 2nd generation of
computers (1956-1963)
replaced vacuum tubes with
transistors, making computers
smaller, faster, and more
reliable. The 3rd generation
(1964-1971) then introduced
integrated circuits (ICs),
leading to further
miniaturization, increased
speed, and reduced power
consumption
4th Generation of
Computer
The fourth generation of
computers, spanning roughly
1971 to 1980, is characterized
by the invention of the
microprocessor and the use
of VLSI technology. This
generation saw the rise of
personal computers, smaller
and more powerful devices,
and the development of high-
level programming languages
5th Generation
of Computer
The fifth generation of
computers, beginning in the
1980s and continuing today,
is characterized by the
development and use of
artificial intelligence (AI) and
advanced technologies like
parallel processing and Ultra
Large Scale Integration (ULSI)
*Solid-state drives (SSDs).
*Hard disk drives (HDDs).
Types of Monitor’s
 CRT, LCD & LED

CRT => Cathode Ray Tube

LCD => Liquid Crystal Display
LED => light-emitting diodes
CRT => Cathode Ray Tube
[Moniter’s]
LCD => Liquid Crystal Display
LED => Light-emitting diodes
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER
CPU => Central processing
unit
 Input Devices
• keyboards, mice, joysticks, microphones, scanners, and webcams
 Out put Devices
• monitors, printers, speakers, and projectors
 Title Bar Minimize Maximize
Close

ICons
| Menu Bar

Cursor
Insert point

This is Desk Top

Status Bar

Start Task Bar Notification Bar

3GLs (Third Generation):
=================================
FORTRAN{FORmula TRANslation}: Used for scientific and engineering applications.
COBOL{Common Business Oriented Language}: Designed for business applications,
particularly in financial and administrative systems.
Pascal: Used for structured programming, In the world of computing, "Pascal" primarily
refers to a programming language developed by Niklaus Wirth in the late 1960s. Niklaus
he is a philosopher.
BASIC{Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code}: A beginner-friendly language.
C: A powerful, versatile language used in many systems programming applications.
4GLs (Fourth Generation):
======================================
SQL{Structured Query Language} : Used for managing and querying databases.
MATLAB{Matrix Laboratory}: Used for numerical computation and data analysis.
SAS{Statistical Analysis System}: Primarily used for statistical analysis and data management.
Visual Basic: A visual programming language that uses a graphical interface.
Other 4GLs: Includes languages like RPG {Report Program Generator}, CSP{Communicating
Sequential Processes}, QMF{Query Management Facility}, and FOCUS{Fourth-Generation
Online Computer Utility System}.
Types of operating system’s
(os).
 WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM

Windows is a graphical operating system developed by

Microsoft, providing an interface between users and computer
hardware, allowing them to interact with the computer's
resources and applications.
* Microsoft Windows: The most widely used OS for
personal computers.
 MAC OPERATING SYSTEM

macOS is the operating system that powers all Apple Macintosh

computers. It's a proprietary, graphical operating system
designed to be user-friendly and efficient, and it's known for its
reliability, security, and ease of integration with other Apple
devices and services.
*macOS: Apple's operating system for Mac computers.
 LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM

Linux is a Unix-like, open source and community-

developed operating system (OS) for computers,
servers, mainframes, mobile devices and embedded
devices.
*Linux: A powerful, open-source OS used in servers,
supercomputers, and embedded systems.
 ANDROID OPERATING SYSTEM

Android is an operating system based on a modified version of

the Linux kernel and other open-source software, designed
primarily for touchscreen-based mobile devices such as
smartphones and tablets. Android has historically been
developed by a consortium of developers known as the
Open Handset Alliance, but its most widely used version is
primarily developed by Google.
*Android: The dominant mobile operating system.
 IOS OPERATING SYSTEM

iOS, short for iPhone Operating System, is a proprietary mobile

operating system developed by Apple Inc. for its range of
devices, including iPhones, iPads, and iPod Touches. It's a
closed-source platform, meaning Apple maintains control over
the code and updates.
*iOS: Apple's mobile operating system for iPhones and iPads.
 What is this 👇🏻 🤔
10111000 00000100 00000000 00000000 ; mov eax, 4 ; syscall: sys_write
10111011 00000001 00000000 00000000 ; mov ebx, 1 ; file descriptor: stdout
10111100 00010000 00000000 00000000 ; mov ecx, 0x10 ; address of message
10111101 0000000E 00000000 00000000 ; mov edx, 14 ; message length
11000011 ; int 0x80 ; syscall
10111000 00000001 00000000 00000000 ; mov eax, 1 ; syscall: sys_exit
10111011 00000000 00000000 00000000 ; mov ebx, 0 ; status: 0
11000011 ; int 0x80 ; syscall
01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 ; "Hell"

01101111 00101100 00100000 01010111 ; "o, W“ => “Hello World”

01101111 01110010 01101100 01100100 ; "orld"
00100001 00001010 ; "!\n"
👆🏻THIS IS THE BINARY PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

Binary language, also known as binary code or a base-

2 numbering system, uses only two digits, 0 and 1, to
represent data and instructions in computers.
WHAT IS HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE ?.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HARDWARE &
SOFTWARE

HARDWARE SOFTWARE

• All Physical parts of the Computer is Called • All Programmable Part’s of the
Hardware. computer is called Software.
This includes the physical parts of a computer that you This is the set of instructions or programs that allow the
can see and touch. Examples include: hardware to perform specific tasks. Examples include:
•Input devices: Keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner. •Operating systems: Windows, macOS, Linux.
•Output devices: Monitor, printer, speakers. •Application software: Word processors, web browsers,
•Storage devices: Hard drive, SSD, USB drive. image editors.
•Internal components: CPU, RAM, motherboard, power •System software: Utilities that manage hardware and
supply. software resources
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RAM & ROM

RAM ROM

1.Temporary Storage 1.Permanent storage

2.Store Data in MB’s 2.Storage data in GB’s
3.Volatile 3.Non-volatile.
4.Used in normal 4.Used for startup process
operations. of computer
5.Writing data is faster 5.Writing Data is Slower