Internet of Things

{
(IoT)
 Outline
1. Vision 12. IoT Examples
2. Definition of IoT 13. Components of IoT
3. IoT Evolution 14. Applications of IoT
4. C h a ra c t e ri s t i c s of IoT 15. Design Principles for Connected
5. Benefits/Drawbacks of IoT Devices
6. Conceptual Framework of IoT 16. IoT/M2M Systems Layers
7. Design Principles of IoT 17. Design Standardization

8. Technologies behind IoT 18. Design Standards

9. Sources of IoT 19. Communication Technology
10. M2M Communication 20. Data Enrichment & Consolidation
11. IoT V/S M2M 21. Ease of Designing & Affordability
22. IoT Pro t o co ls
 Vision
IoT is a concept of connecting any device and object to the
internet. This includes everything from mobile phones,
headphones, medical devices, home appliances, lamps to any
wearable device.
In nutshell we can say that IoT has become indispensable for
each and every industry as well as for the people. It touches
every sector as retails, finance, healthcare, manufacturing smart
cities, agriculture, battlefield etc. IoT is one of the critical
technologies to be used today.
It is estimated that by 2050 about 2000 billion devices will be
connected by the IoT. It is also known as Internet of everything
(IoE). This will result in a 20 trillion market opportunity in less
than 10 years. By 2025, estimates tell that IoT will have an
economic impact with revenue generated.
Definition of IoT

 A Dynamic global network infrastructure with self-

configuring capabilities based on standard and
interoperable communication protocols where
physical and virtual "things" have identities, physical
attributes and virtual personalities, use intelligent
interfaces, are seamlessly integrated into the
information network, and often communicate data
associated with users and their environments.

 Connecting an object or thing to the internet.

 Definition of IoT
The thing is an object in the real world. This means that it can receive inputs from
the outside world and transform these into data which is then sent on the internet for
collection and processing.

For example just putting an Ethernet socket into a chair is not sufficient. Your chair
might collect information about how often you sit on it and for how much time.
Also not that the presence of things also means that it can produce outputs into your
world with “actuators” some of these outputs could be triggered by data that has
been collected and processed on the internet so your chair might vibrate to tell you
that you have received an email.

This can be shown with the help of a simple equation also

[Physical Object] + [Controllers, Sensors, Actuators] + [Internet] =Internet of Things

{Hardware} {Software} {Service} = Things
IoT Evolution
M2M vs IoT
IoT: People Connecting with Things

ECG sensor

Internet

Motion sensor

Motion sensor
Motion sensor
IoT: Things Connecting with Things

- Complex and heterogeneous

resources and networks
 Characteristics of IoT

 Dynamic and self-adapting

 Self-configuring

 Interoperable communication protocols

 Unique identity

 Integrated into the information network

 Characteristics of IoT

 Interconnectivity
 Heterogeneity

 Things related services

 Intelligence

 Enormity of scale
Benefits of IoT/Drawbacks of IoT
 Efficient resource utilization  Security Flaws
 Saves time
 Associated Costs
 Human efforts & errors

 Security
 Power Supply Dependence
 User friendly/easy to use
 Network Dependence
 Cost reduction  High Skill requirements
 Business opportunities
 Conceptual
Framework
CONNECTIVITY LAYER: This layer includes all physical
devices involved in the framework and the interconnection among
them. This layer also involves assigning of low range networking
devices like sensors, actuators, RFID tags etc and resource
management checks the availability of physical resources of all the
devices and networks involved in the underlying infrastructure. Also
called as Sensing layer.

ACCESS LAYER: Context data reaches the internet via IoT

gateway as captured by short- range devices in the form of raw
data. Access layer comprises topology definition, network initiation
etc. Also note that this layer includes connection set-up, intra-inter
domain communication, scheduling, packet transmissions
between flow sensors and IoT gateway. Also called as Network
layer.

ABSTRACTION LAYER: A Virtual link can be created

among different networks and a common platform can be
developed for various communication systems. Also called as
Data Processing layer.

SERVICE LAYER: Storage management bears the idea about

all sorts of unfamiliar and/or important technologies and information
that can turn the system scalable and efficient. It is not only
responsible for storing data but also provides security along with it.
Please note that it also allows accessing data effectively,
integrating data to enhance service intelligence, analysis based on
the services required and most importantly increases the storage
efficiency. Also called as Application layer.
Fig: 4 layered Conceptual Framework of IoT
Design Principles of IoT

We understand the design principles of IoT from

two perspectives:-

1. Physical Design of IoT

2. Logical Design of IoT

 Physical Design of IoT

 The "Things" in IoT usually refers to IoT devices which have

unique identities and can perform remote sensing and actuating
and have monitoring capabilities.
 IoT devices can:
 Exchange data with other connected devices and applications

(directly or indirectly), or
 Collect data from other devices and process the data locally,

or
 Send the data to centralized servers or cloud-based
application back-ends for processing the data, or
 Perform some tasks locally and other tasks within the IoT

infrastructure, based on temporal and space constraints

 Generic Block Diagram of an
IoT Device (Architecture)
 An IoT device may consist of
several interfaces
for co n n e ct io n s to other devices,
b o t h w i r e d and wireless.
 I/O interfaces for sensors
 Interfa ces for internet connectivity
 Memory and storage interfaces
 Audio/video interfaces

HDMI-High Definition Multimedia connection

(Used for high quality of audio and videos)
3.5 MM Audio- Used for Headphones
RCA Video- Radio Corporation of America
(Used for composite videos )
SD - Secure Digital (memory card used to store
data of smart phones, video record, music players)
MMC - Multimedia Card (memory card)
SDIO - Secure Digital Input output (used for input –
output devices) UART- Universal Asynchronous Receiver & Transmitter ( simplest
Logical Gates found in memory cards :- & oldest form of D2D Digital Comm. )
NAND- NOT AND , NOR- NOT OR SPI - serial Peripheral Interface (used in short distance Comm.)
DDR- Double Data rate (Memory can send & receive I2C - inter Integrated Circuit (used in video devices like TV, VCR, Monitor)
data signal in double rate means twice per clock cycle) CAN - Controller Area network (n/w of independent controller)
USB Host - Universal Serial Bus (System used to RJ45-Registered Jack (cable used for ethernet network)
connect multiple USB Client)
 Logical Design of IoT
The logical design of an IoT system refers to an abstract
representation of entities and processes without going into the
low-level specifies of implementation. It uses :-

1. Functional Blocks

2. Communication Models

3. Communication APIs to implement a system.

 Architectural/Functional View
Device
These devices are used to provide sensing and
monitoring control functions that collect data from
the outer environment.

Communication
This block handles the communication between the
client and the cloud-based server and
sends/receives the data using protocols.

Services
This functional block provides some services like
monitoring and controlling a device and publishing
and deleting the data and restoring the system.

Management
This functional block provides various functions that
are used to manage an IoT system.
Security
This block is used to secure an IoT system using
some functions like authorization, data security, Fig:- IoT Functional model
authentication, 2-step verification, etc.
IoT system consists of many functional blocks that
Application provide the system capability for identification,
It is an interface that provides a control system that communication, sensing, management, security and
use by users to view the status and analyze of
system.
actuation.
IoT Communication Models

1. Request Response Model

2. Publish – Subscribe Model
3. Push – Pull Model
4. Exclusive pair Model
 IoT Communication Models
There are several different types of models available in an IoT system that is used to communicate between
the system and server like the request-response model, publish-subscribe model, push-pull model, exclusive
pair model, etc.

Request-Response Communication Model

This model is a communication model in which a client sends
the request for data to the server and the server responds
according to the request. when a server receives a request it
fetches the data, retrieves the resources and prepares the
response, and then sends the data back to the client. The
server may be remote or local and can handle request of
multiple clients. It is a stateless communication model and
each request –response pair is independent of other.

In simple terms, we can say that in the request-response

model server send the response of equivalent to the request
of the client. in this model, HTTP works as a request-response
protocol between a client and server.

Example
When we search a query on a browser then the browser
submits an HTTP request to the server and then the server
returns a response to the browser(client).
IoT Communication Models
Publish-Subscribe Communication
Model

In this communication model, we have a broker

between publisher and consumer. here publishers are
the source of data but they are not aware of
consumers. they send the data managed by the
brokers and when a consumer subscribes to a topic
that is managed by the broker and when the broker
receives data from the publisher it sends the data to all
the subscribed consumers.

Example
On the website many times we subscribed to their
newsletters using our email address. these email
addresses are managed by some third-party services
and when a new article is published on the website it is
directly sent to the broker and then the broker sends
these new data or posts to all the subscribers.
 IoT Communication Models
Push-Pull Communication Model
It is a communication model in which the data push by the

producers in a queue and the consumers pull the data

from the queues. here also producers are not aware of the

consumers. Queues act as a buffer and are useful when

there is a mismatch between the rate at which the

producers push data and the data rate at which the

consumer pull data.

Example

When we visit a website we saw a number of posts that

are published in a queue and according to our

requirements, we click on a post and start reading it.

 IoT Communication Models
Exclusive Pair Communication Model

It is a bidirectional fully duplex communication model that

uses a persistent connection between the client and server.

Here first set up a connection between the client and the

server and remain open until the client sends a close

connection request to the server.

This is a stateful connection model and services is aware of

all open connections.

Client and server can send messages to each other after

connection setup.
 IoT Communication APIs
API stands for application programming interfaces.
It is a set of functions, protocols, routines and tools used for building application software.
These APIs like REST and Web Socket are used to communicate between the server and system in IoT.
REST-Based Communication APIs
Representational state transfer (REST) API uses a set of architectural principles that used to design web services and web APIs. these APIs
focus on the systems' resources that how resource states are transferred using the request-response communication model .
this API uses some architectural constraints.
1. Client-Server
Here the client is not aware of the storage of data because it is concerned about the server and similarly the server should not be concerned
about the user interface because it is a concern of the client. and this separation is needed for independent development and updating of
server and client, no matter how the client is using the response of the server and no matter how the server is using the request of the client.
2. Stateless
It means each request from the client to the server must contain all the necessary information to understand by the server, because if the
server can't understand the request of the client then it can't fetch the request data in a proper manner.
3. Cacheable
In response, if the cache constraints are given then a client can reuse that response in a later request. it improves the efficiency and scalability
of the system without loading the extra data.
A RESTful web APIs is implemented using HTTP and REST principles.

WebSocket Based Communication API

This type of API allows bi-directional full-duplex communication between server and client using the exclusive pair communication
model. this API uses full-duplex communication so it does not require a new connection setup every time when it requests new data.
WebSocket API begins with a connection setup between the server and client and if the WebSocket is supported by the server then it
responds back to the client with the successful response after the setup of a connection server and the client can send data to each other in
full-duplex mode.
this type of API reduces the traffic and latency of data and makes sure that each time when we request new data it cannot terminate the
request.
IoT Communication APIs
REST Web Socket
1. Stateless. 1. State full
2. Request Response Model. 2. Full Duplex Model.
3. It is unidirectional. 3. It is bidirectional.
4. Each Request involves 3. Single TCP Connection.
setting up a new TCP
Connection.
4. Header Overhead. 4. No Header Overhead.
5. Not Suitable for Real Time 5. Suitable for RTA.
Applications (RTA).
6. It is slower in execution. 6. It transmits messages very fastly.
7. It is used only when it’s 7. used when an application
required by the web application demands uninterrupted data
delivery
IoT Communication APIs
Technologies behind (IoT)

1. Wireless Sensor Network

2. Cloud Computing
3. Big Data Analytics
4. Communications Protocols
5. Embedded Computing
6. User Interfaces
 Technologies behind (IoT)
1. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) : A WSN comprises distributed devices with sensors which are used to monitor the
environmental and physical conditions. A wireless sensor network consists of end nodes, routers and coordinators. End nodes have several
sensors attached to them where the data is passed to a coordinator with the help of routers. The coordinator also acts as the gateway that
connects WSN to the internet.
Example – Weather monitoring system, Indoor air quality monitoring system, Soil moisture monitoring system, Surveillance system,
Health monitoring system

2. Cloud Computing : It provides us the means by which we can access applications as utilities over the internet. Cloud means something
which is present in remote locations. With Cloud computing, users can access any resources from anywhere like databases, web servers, storage, any
device, and any software over the internet.
Characteristics – Broad network access, On demand self-services, Rapid scalability, Measured service, Pay-per-use

3. Big Data Analytics : It refers to the method of studying massive volumes of data or big data. Collection of data whose volume, velocity
or variety is simply too massive and tough to store, control, process and examine the data using traditional databases.
Big data is gathered from a variety of sources including social network videos, digital images, sensors and sales transaction records.
Several steps involved in analyzing big data – Data cleaning, Munging, Processing, Visualization.
Examples – Bank transactions, Data generated by IoT systems for location and tracking of vehicles, E-commerce and in Big-Basket, Health and fitness
data generated by IoT system such as a fitness bands.

4. Communications Protocols : They are the backbone of IoT systems and enable network connectivity and linking to applications.
Communication protocols allow devices to exchange data over the network. Multiple protocols often describe different aspects of a single
communication. A group of protocols designed to work together is known as a protocol suite; when implemented in software they are a protocol stack.
They are used in Data encoding, Addressing schemes.

5. Embedded Computing : It is a combination of hardware and software used to perform special tasks.It includes microcontroller and
microprocessor memory, networking units (Ethernet Wi-Fi adapters), input output units (display keyword etc. ) and storage devices (flash memory). It
collects the data and sends it to the internet. Embedded systems used in
Examples – Digital camera, DVD player, music player, Industrial robots, Wireless Routers etc.

6. User Interfaces: It is always desirable to have the best GUI for all devices. Same rule applies to IoT devices also. The end user should
be provided with either a mobile application or with a web application for this.
Sources of IoT

1. Popular IoT Development Boards

2. Role of RFID and IoT Applications

3. Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs)

 M2M Communication
Machine-to-Machine Communication (M2M)
Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication is a form of data communication that involves one or more entities that do not necessarily require
human interaction or intervention in the process of communication. M2M is also named as Machine Type Communication (MTC) in 3GPP. It is
different from the current communication models in the ways that it involves: -
- new or different market scenarios
- lower costs and effort
- a potentially very large number of communicating terminals
- little traffic per terminal, in general
M2M communication could be carried over mobile networks (e.g. GSM-GPRS, CDMA EVDO networks). In the M2M communication, the role of
mobile network is largely confined to serve as a transport network. With a potential market of probably 50 million connected devices, M2M
offers tremendous opportunities as well as unique challenges. These devices vary from highly-mobile vehicles communicating in real-time, to
immobile meter-reading appliances that send small amounts of data periodically.

Applications of M2M
The applications of M2M cover many areas and the areas in which M2M is currently used are given below:
a. Security : Surveillances, Alarm systems, Access control, Car/driver security
b. Tracking & Tracing : Fleet Management, Order Management, Pay as you drive, Asset Tracking, Navigation, Traffic information, Road
tolling, Traffic optimization/steering
c. Payment : Point of sales, Vending machines, Gaming machines
d. Health : Monitoring vital signs, Supporting the aged or handicapped, Web Access Telemedicine points, Remote diagnostics
e. Remote Maintenance/Control : Sensors, Lighting, Pumps, Valves, Elevator control, Vending machine control, Vehicle diagnostics
f. Metering : Power, Gas, Water, Heating, Grid control, Industrial metering
g. Manufacturing : Production chain monitoring and automation
h. Facility Management : Home / building / campus automation
IoT v/s M2M
 IoT Examples
Things are getting smarter day by day. Present day phones have 14 sensors and more some of the
examples put under IoT category or as follows:-

1. Wind turbines: A wind turbine can contain about 400 sensors. The sensors can deliver information like
the wind's speed, its direction, temperature, vibration, noise level etc. to wind turbines. This data,
nowadays is packaged and shipped into the cloud.
2. Machines for farming: All equipment related to farming are fitted with sensors only.
3. Clinical Analysers: Hematology analysers used in clinics are also based on IoT. For example sysmex
XE-5000 reports 31 whole blood parameters at a rate of 150 samples per hour.
4. Alarm: The alarm makes you get up in time for you to catch the train. This is checked by the clock with
the train timings online.
5. Medicine time: A blinking light might alert you about your medicine time.
6. Smart cities: IoT has made remarkable progress for smart cities by providing smart buildings, smart
power, smart water, better air quality, noise control and monitoring, traffic congestion control, smart
streetlights, smart parking and smart communications.
7. Safe home security system, water level monitoring, digital clock, street light control, motor speed
control, home automations are some of the areas where IoT has contributed a lot.
8. Present day Artificial Intelligence(ML+DL) applications along with IoT has proved to be very useful.[
9. Researchers have found 5G as a driving force for IoT.
Components of IoT
 Components of IoT
1. Things or Devices :
The key physical items being tracked are Things or Devices. Smart sensors are connected to things/devices which further continues to collect data
from the device and send it to the next layer, which is the portal or also called as the gateway Small smart sensors for a variety of applications are now
possible because of new advancements in microelectronics. Some commonly used sensors are:
Temperature sensors and thermostats, Pressure sensors, Humidity / Moisture level, Light intensity detectors, Moisture sensors, Proximity detection,
RFID tags
2. Network Interconnection :
Over the past few years, the IoT has seen massive growth in devices controlled by the internet and connected to it. Although IoT devices have a wide
variety of uses, there are some common things among them also along with the differences between them. IoT is enabled by a variety of technologies.
The network used to communicate with other devices in an IoT deployment is critical to the field, a position that numerous wireless or wired
technologies can fill.
3. Cloud :
Cloud storage is used to store the data which has been collected from different devices or things. Cloud computing is simply a set of connected servers
that operate continuously(24*7) over the Internet. IoT devices, applications, and users generate massive amounts of data, which must be managed
efficiently. Data collection, processing, management, and archiving are among the responsibilities of IoT clouds. The data can be accessed remotely by
industries and services, allowing them to take critical decisions at any time. In the simplest terms, an IoT cloud is a network of servers optimized to
handle data at high speeds for a large number of different devices, manage traffic, and analyze data with great accuracy. An IoT cloud would not be
complete without a distributed management database system.
4. Analytics :
After receiving the data in the cloud, that data is processed. Data is analyzed here with the help of various algorithms like machine learning and all.
Analytics is the conversion of analog information via connected sensors and devices into actionable insights that can be processed, interpreted, and
analyzed in depth. Analysis of raw data or information for further processing is a prerequisite for the monitoring and enhancement of the Internet of
things (IoT).Among the most significant benefits of a well-designed IoT system is real-time smart analysis, which enables designers to spot anomalies
in gathering information and respond quickly to avoid an undesirable situation. If information is collected correctly and at the right moment, network
operators can plan for the next steps.
5. User Interface :
User interface also termed as UI is nothing but a user-facing program that allows the user to monitor and manipulate data.
The user interface (UI) is the visible, tangible portion of the IoT device that people can interact with. Developers must provide a well-designed user
interface that requires the least amount of effort from users and promotes additional interactions.
Applications of IoT
Design Principles for Connected
Devices
IoT/M2M Systems Layers
 Layers of OSI Model
1. Physical Layer (Layer 1) :
The lowest layer of the OSI reference model is the physical layer. It is responsible for the actual physical connection between the
devices. The physical layer contains information in the form of bits. It is responsible for transmitting individual bits from one node
to the next. When receiving data, this layer will get the signal received and convert it into 0s and 1s and send them to the Data
Link layer, which will put the frame back together.
2. Data Link Layer (DLL) (Layer 2) :
The data link layer is responsible for the node-to-node delivery of the message. The main function of this layer is to make sure
data transfer is error-free from one node to another, over the physical layer. When a packet arrives in a network, it is the
responsibility of DLL to transmit it to the Host using its MAC address.
Data Link Layer is divided into two sub layers: (a) Logical Link Control (LLC) (b) Media Access Control (MAC)
3. Network Layer (Layer 3) :
The network layer works for the transmission of data from one host to the other located in different networks. It also takes care of
packet routing i.e. selection of the shortest path to transmit the packet, from the number of routes available. The sender &
receiver’s IP addresses are placed in the header by the network layer.
4. Transport Layer (Layer 4) :
The transport layer provides services to the application layer and takes services from the network layer. The data in the transport
layer is referred to as Segments. It is responsible for the End to End Delivery of the complete message. The transport layer also
provides the acknowledgement of the successful data transmission and re-transmits the data if an error is found.
5. Session Layer (Layer 5) :
This layer is responsible for the establishment of connection, maintenance of sessions, authentication, and also ensures security.
6. Presentation Layer (Layer 6):
The presentation layer is also called the Translation layer. The data from the application layer is extracted here and manipulated
as per the required format to transmit over the network.
7. Application Layer (Layer 7) :
At the very top of the OSI Reference Model stack of layers, we find the Application layer which is implemented by the network
applications. These applications produce the data, which has to be transferred over the network. This layer also serves as a
window for the application services to access the network and for displaying the received information to the user.
Example: Application – Browsers, Skype Messenger, etc.
Design Standardization
 Design Standards

1. ITU-T

2. ETSI

3. OGC
Design Standards
Design Standards
Design Standards
Communication Technology
Communication Technology
Communication Technology
Data Enrichment
Data enrichment is defined as merging third-party data from an external
authoritative source with an existing database of first-party customer
data. Brands do this to enhance the data they already possess so they can
make more informed decisions. All customer data, no matter the source,
begins in its raw form. An excellent example of data enrichment would be
to enrich internal sales data with third party advertisement data to get
a better understanding of advertising effective ness. It consists of:-
1. Adding value
2. Security
3. Usability of the data
Data Enrichment
 Data Consolidation
Data consolidation is the corralling (gather together and confine),
combining, and storing of varied data in a single place. It lets
users manipulate different types of data from one point of access
and helps turn raw data into insights that drive better, faster
decision-making. The term sometimes is used interchangeably
with data integration. Merges data from many systems into a
Data Warehouse.
Data consolidation enables businesses to streamline their data
resources, discover patterns, and look for insights in multiple
types of data.
Data Consolidation
Ease of Designing
 Design for connected devices for IoT Applications, Services
and business processes.
 Designer considers the ease in designing the devices
physical, data link, adaption layers and gateway.
 Means availability of sensors, actuators, controllers and IoT
devices
 Low in cost and hardware
 Use preferably open source software components and
protocols
 Device hardware should embed minimum of components
 Use ready solutions for ease in designing local devices
personal area network
 Ensure the secure connectivity with the Internet
Affordability of IoT devices
 For example, RFID or card.
 The card: An embedded microcontroller, memory, OS, NFC peripheral
interfaces, access point based device activation, RF module and
transceiver and all that at low cost
 For example, Wireless sensors use Mote (mobile terminal)
 Mote: Low cost devices with open source OS (tiny OS) and software
components
 Provides ease and affordance in the WSN networks

Devices of smart homes and cities

• Use ZigBee IP or
• BT LE 4.2 (dual mode or single mode) or WiFi
• Due to their affordability
• Ease of designing, usage and low cost
 IoT Protocols
IoT protocols helps to establish communication
between IoT Device (Node Device) and cloud based
server over the internet. It help to send commands
to IoT device and receive data from an IoT device
over the internet.

 Link Layer
 802.3 – Ethernet
 802.11 – WiFi
 802.16 – WiMax
 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN
 2G/3G/4G
 Network/Internet Layer
 IPv4
 IPv6
 6LoWPAN
 IoT Protocols
 Transport Layer
 TCP -Transmission Control Protocol
 UDP- User Datagram Protocol
 Application Layer
 HTTP- Hypertext Transfer Protocol
 CoAP-Constrained Application
Protocol
 Web Socket
 MQTT-Message Queuing Telemetry
Transport
 XMPP- Messaging and
Presence
ExtensibleProtocol
 DDS- Data Distribution Service
 AMQP-Advanced Message
Queuing Protocol
 IoT Protocols
Link Layer Protocol:- Determine how data is physically sent over the
N/Ws physical layer or medium (coaxial cable). This layer determines how
the packets are coded and signaled by the hardware device over the
medium to which the host is attached.
1. 802.3 Ethernet:- is a set of technologies and protocols that are used
primarily in LANs. It defines the physical and medium access control sub
layer of the data link layer for wired Ethernet networks.
2. 802.11 Wi Fi:- it is a set of MAC and physical layer protocols for
implementing wireless local area network.

3. 802.16 Wi-Max:- it is a standard for wireless MANs that has been

developed by working group number 16 of IEEE 802, specializing in point
to multipoint broadband wireless access.
4. 802.15.4 LR-WPAN:- a collection of standards for low rate wireless
personal area network. The standards provide low cost and low speed
communication for power constrained devices.
 IoT Protocols

Network Layer:- Responsible for sending IP Datagrams from

the source n/w to the destination n/w. it performs the host
addressing and packet routing. We used IPv4 and IPv6 for host
identification. IPv4 defines an IP address as a 32 bit number.
IPv6 is a successor of IPv4 and it defines an IP address as a
128 bit number.

IPv6LoWPAN is a low power personal area network used

furtherly to IPv6.
IoT Protocols
Transport Layer:- This layer provides function such as error
control, segmentation, flow control and congestion control. So
this layer protocols provide end-to-end message transfer
capability independent of the underlying network. It has 2
protocols TCP and UDP.
TCP:- Transmission control Protocol is a standard that define
how to establish and maintain a n/w conversation through
which application programs can exchange data. It is reliable
and connection based protocol. E.g. (FTP, SMTP)

UDP:- User Datagram Protocol is a unreliable and

connectionless protocol.
e.g. DNS, Online multiplayer games.
IoT Protocols
Application Layer Protocol:-it define how the applications interface with the lower
layer protocols to send over the network.
HTTP:- Hyper text transfer protocol is an application layer protocol for transmitting
hypermedia documents such as HTML. It was designed for communication between
web browsers and web servers. It is a stateless protocol meaning that the server does
not keep any data between two requests. It is a method for encoding and transporting
information between C/S model. It follows a classical C/S model. Uses TCP
connections.
CoAP:- Constrained application protocol is a specialized internet application protocol
for constrained devices. It enables device to communicate over the internet. It is
especially targeted for constrained hardware such as 8 bits microcontrollers, low
power sensors and devices that can’t run on HTTP. Runs on UDP

Web Socket:- it enables 2 way communication between a client running untrusted

code in a controlled environment to a remote host that has opted in to
communications from that code. The security model used for this is the origin based
security model commonly used by web browsers. Runs on TCP. FB, Messenger,
Mozilla are using this.
 IoT Protocols
MQTT:- Message Queuing Telemetry Transport protocol is a Machine to
Machine /IoT connectivity protocol. It was designed as an extremely
lightweight publish/subscribe messaging transport and useful for connections
with remote locations where a small code footprint is required in network. It
runs over TCP/IP.
XMPP:- Extensible messaging and presence protocol is a communication
protocol for message oriented middleware based on XML. It enables the near
real time exchange of structured between any two or more network entities.
Suitable for video/voice chat, messaging, gaming etc.
DDS:- The data distribution service is a middleware protocol for D2D or M2M
and API standard for data centric connectivity based on publish subscribe
model.
AMQP:- Advanced message queuing protocol used for business messaging
supports, point to point based on publish/subscribe model where message are
pushed by the brokers and pulled by the consumers.,