Pollution Control and Disaster

Management
 Environmental Pollution
• Any alteration to air, water, soil, or food that threatens the health,
survival capability, or activities of humans or other living organisms
is called environmental pollution.
Types of Environmental Pollution
• •Air Pollution
• •Water Pollution
• •Noise Pollution
• •Soil Pollution
• •Marine Pollution
• •Thermal Pollution
• •Radiation Pollution
• •Solid Waste Pollution
 Air Pollution
Causes of Air Pollution
• •Industrial emissions
• •Automobiles
• •Thermal power stations
• •Nuclear explosions
• •Nuclear power plants
• •Agricultural activities
• •Disposal of garbage
• Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wd5fQ257Vdo
 Effects of Air Pollution
Effects on Human Health
• •Bronchoconstriction
• •Inflammation of lungs
• •Oedema
• •Damage to respiratory system, blood vascular system, and
• excretory system
• •Different types of cancers
Effects on Plants
• •Chlorosis of leaves
• •Bleaching of the leaf pigment
• •Development of necrotic spots
• •Premature falling of leaves
• •Smaller leaf size
Effects on Climate
• •Greenhouse effect and global warming
• •Acid rain
• •Ozone (O3) layer depletion
 Control Air Pollution
• Using public transports.
• Turn off the lights when not in use.
• Recycle and Reuse.
• No to plastic bags.
• Reduction of forest fires and smoking.
• Use of fans instead of Air Conditioner.
• Use filters for chimneys.
• Avoid usage of crackers.
 Actions You Can Take to Reduce Air Pollution (suggested by EPA)
• Conserve energy - at home, at work, everywhere.
• Look for the ENERGY STAR label when buying home or office equipment.
• Carpool, use public transportation, bike, or walk whenever possible.
• Follow gasoline refueling instructions for efficient vapor recovery, being careful not to spill fuel and
always tightening your gas cap securely.
• Consider purchasing portable gasoline containers labeled “spill-proof,” where available.
• Keep car, boat, and other engines properly tuned.
• Be sure your tires are properly inflated.
• Use environmentally safe paints and cleaning products whenever possible.
• Mulch or compost leaves and yard waste.
• Consider using gas logs instead of wood.
• Choose a cleaner commute - share a ride to work or use public transportation.
• Combine errands and reduce trips. Walk to errands when possible.
• Avoid excessive idling of your automobile.
• Refuel your car in the evening when its cooler.
• Conserve electricity and set air conditioners no lower than 78 degrees.
• Reduce the number of trips you take in your car.
• Reduce or eliminate fireplace and wood stove use.
• Avoid burning leaves, trash, and other materials.
• Avoid using gas-powered lawn and garden equipment.
 Water Pollution
• The addition of various organic and inorganic substances that
change the physical and chemical properties of water thereby
leading to detrimental effects on living organisms and
reducing water usability is termed as water pollution.
• Snow river of India: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eHCaIvPN2rY
 Causes of Water Pollution
• Natural causes

Man made causes

• •Sewage and other wastes
• •Industrial waste
• •Agricultural waste
• •Human activities
• •Customs and traditions
Effects of water pollution
• Effect on human health
• Effect on plants
• Effect on animals
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zBKGxuxFn1E
The Minamata Story of Japan
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ihFkyPv1jtU
 Effects of water pollution

• Effect on human health

• Effect on plants
• Effect on animals
Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zBKGxuxFn1E
The Minamata Story of Japan
Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ihFkyPv1jtU
 Control of Water Pollution
• Treatment of domestic and industrial waste
• Control on excess use of fertilizers and
pesticides in agriculture
• Strict enforcement of rules
• Public awareness
Water Quality Standards
• Mandatory requirements for water testing
• Water Standard for India: BIS
 Noise Pollution
• The unwanted noise dumped into the
atmosphere that leads to discomfort and
health hazards is known as noise pollution.
 Sources of Noise Pollution

Natural Causes:
• Natural phenomena such as violent volcanic eruptions, thunder,
fierce storms, etc.
Man made Causes:
• Domestic appliances such as mixers, washing machines,
telephones, etc.
• Industries such mills and factories
• Automobiles
• Trains, ships, and aircrafts
• Bursting of crackers and playing loud music during social
gatherings and festivals
• • Entertainment devices such as radio, television, etc.
 Effects of Noise Pollution
1.Auditory effects
High intensity noise lead permanent deafness
2. Non-auditory effects
Effects on human health
• Physiological disorders like anxiety, insomnia, high blood
pressure, fatigue, etc.
• Loss of working efficiency
• Annoyance
Effects on wildlife
• Decline in the number of migratory birds at noisy places
 Control of Noise Pollution
• Workers in factories should be provided with ear plugs and ear
muffs.
• Vehicular noise can be reduced by keeping the engine clean.
• Industrial noise can be reduced by keeping the machines well
serviced.
• Noisy machines should be placed in special glass or wooden
cabins.
• Special silencing devices should be designed for aircraft engines.
• More number of trees should be planted since they are effective
sound absorbers.
• Public awareness should be created.
 Soil Pollution
• Any change in the physical, chemical, and
biological properties of soil due to natural or
anthropogenic activities is known as soil
pollution.
 Major types of soil pollutants
• Heavy metals
• Dioxins
• Pesticides, fertilizers and other agricultural
products
• Lead
• Cadmium
 Causes of Soil Pollution
• Industrial waste
• Urban waste
• Mining
• Agricultural waste
• Domestic waste and garbage
• Radioactive wastes
 Effects of Soil Pollution
• Reduces the fertility of the soil
• Causes an increase in the number of
mosquitoes and flies, which are vectors of
several deadly diseases
• Reduces the aesthetic value of land
• Radioactive elements present in polluted soil
enter human body and cause a number of
adverse health effects such as cancer,
deformities in bones, etc.
 Control of Soil Pollution
• Treatment of industrial waste
• Reduction in the amount of radioactive
materials released in the soil
• Reuse of paper, glass, tin, iron, etc., present in
solid waste after recycling
• Reduction in the use of chemical fertilizers and
pesticides
 Marine Pollution
• The presence of undesirable materials in the
ocean environment added directly or
indirectly by humans that adversely affect
biological resources and human health is
called marine pollution.

Video: https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=dron6aW4UKk

 Causes of Marine Pollution
• Oil and petroleum spillage
• Toxic chemicals
• Hazardous wastes
• Raw sewage
• Thermal pollution
 Effects of Marine Pollution
• Reduction in photosynthetic rate in marine
plants
• Decline in volume of dissolved O2 affecting
the survival of marine organisms
• Toxicity of water by heavy metals such as
mercury, arsenic, cadmium, cyanide, etc.
• Consumption of marine food collected from
polluted waters causes various diseases
 Control of Marine Pollution
• By using oleic and stearic acid which help in
concentrating and removing oil pollutants
• By recycling solid waste such as plastic, glass,
metal, papers, etc.
• By establishing marine protected areas,
bioregional management approach, and
negotiation of international agreements
• By ensuring maintenance and proper security
of ships
 A case of marine pollution

• Marine pollution: A threat to the Great Barrier

Reef

• Video: https://www.marineconservation.org.au/pollution-great-barrier-reef/
 Thermal Pollution
• The rise in the temperature of water due to
discharge of warm water, which is used to cool
machines in factories and in nuclear and
thermal power plants, is called thermal
pollution.
 Sources of Thermal Pollution
• Electric power plants
• Industries
• A major cause of thermal pollution is
deforestation. Soil erosion and contamination
of water also cause retention of heat.
 Effects of Thermal Pollution
• Increase in temperature of water decreases the
concentration of dissolved oxygen in water
making it unsuitable for the survival of aquatic
life.
• Activities of certain pathogenic microorganisms
accelerate due to increase in temperature.
• Toxic pollutants as cadmium, copper, and
arsenic present in heated effluents make the
water unsuitable for any purpose.
 Control of Thermal Pollution
• Establishment of cooling towers in industries
• Construction of ponds for collecting hot water
• Construction of artificial lakes for the
discharge of hot effluents from where cool
water can be extracted later
 Radiation Pollution
• Radiation pollution is the emission of any form
of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation as a result
of natural or human activities.
 Causes of Radiation Pollution
• Radioactive waste from nuclear power plants
• Nuclear explosions
• Medical use
• Radiations from luminous watches, clock
dials, X-rays from microwave, etc.
 Effects of Radiation Pollution
Somatic Effects
• Radiations can cause cataract, skin cancer,
bone cancer, reduction of life span, premature
ageing, cardiovascular disorders, etc.
Genetic Effects
• Increase in the number of abnormal children
and increased infant mortality.
 Control of Radiation Pollution
• Dense trees should be planted around atomic
power plants.
• Proper management of radioactive waste should be
ensured.
• Unnecessary X-ray examination should be avoided.
• During nuclear installations, various efforts
including the process of site selection, its design,
construction, operation, and its short-term and
longterm effects should be seriously considered to
control radiation.
 Solid Waste Management
• Solid waste includes domestic wastes,
commercial wastes, and industrial wastes
collected by a municipality within a given area.
It is responsible for land pollution in urban and
industrial areas.
 Important Sources of Solid Waste
• Domestic garbage
• Industrial waste
• Commercial waste
• Mining waste
• Radioactive waste
• Agricultural waste
• Hospital waste
• E-waste
 Hazards of Solid Waste
• Solid waste helps disease-causing organisms such as
mosquitoes, flies, etc., to thrive freely and increase in
population.
• It runs off with rainwater and mixes with the nearby water
bodies causing water pollution.
• Burning of solid waste leads to air pollution.
• Radioactive substances present in solid waste cause a number
of diseases in human beings.
• Solid waste reduces the aesthetic value of land.
• Non-biodegradable solid wastes such as polythene, plastic,
rubber, etc., release toxic gases when burnt hence causing air
pollution.
 Treatment of Solid Waste
Solid waste management (SWM) is a three-step
process:
• Collection of solid waste
• Transportation of solid waste
• Disposal of solid waste