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NANDHINI.S
Exp: 5 Yrs
Expert in
• Python Developer on Machine Learning
• Deep learning with computer vision
• Matlab – Image Processing
• Autonomous Car design using ROS with LIDAR
Language – Python , Java , HTML ,CSS.
Tools – ANACONDA NAVIGATOR, JUPYTER
NOTEBOOK,
• GOOGLE COLAB.
Graduation : BE – ECE | 2011
What U will Learn from 30
Days Data Science &
Analytics Master Class
 Data Science & Analytics
Learning Plan
01 02 03 04 05

Python
Library
Pandas
Analytics
Tools Industry Project
Numpy Distribution
Introduction To MatplotLib Visualization PowerBi Project Building,
Python and Python Cborn, SKLearn Tableo DSA Jobs
Data Structures Lib Aggregation
Collab Statistics
Day wise Learning Plan
Day -1 : Python for Data
Science (5 Solved end-to-end Data Science Projects in Python)
Day -2: Advanced Python Programming
Day -3: Pandas Library – Introduction
Day -4: Pandas Library – Data Structures
Day -5: Numpy library – Array Operations | Mathematical
Functions
Day -6: Numpy – Sort, Search and Counting Functions
Day -7: Matplotlib , Histogram Using Matplotlib | I/O With
Numpy
Day -8: Matplotlib Library – Introduction , Pyplot API | Types Of
Plots
Day -9: Seaborn Library
Day -10: SKLearn Library
Day -11: Google Colab Notebook
Day -12: Python – Date and Time, Data Wrangling
Day -13: Python – Data Aggregation
Day -14: Python – Word Tokenization , Stemming and
Lammetization
Day -15: Python – Data Visualization
Day wise Learning Plan
Day -16: Python – Statistical Analysis
Day -17: Python – Types Of Distribution
Day -18: Python – Correlation ,Chi-Square Test , Linear Regression
Day -19: Tableau – Introduction and Tools
Day -20: Tableau – Data Sources , Worksheets
Day -21: Spatial Data Science For Covid-19 Disease Prediction
Day -22: Power-BI – Introduction, Installation Steps and Architecture
Day -23: Power-BI – Data Modelling , Visualization Options | Excel Integration
Day -24: Parkinson’s Disease Prediction – XG Boost Classifier
Day -25: House Price Prediction using Random Forest Regression
Day -26: Customer Segmentation Using ML – K-Means Clustering
Day -27: Home Loan Prediction using Decision Tree Classifier
Day -28: Spam Classification using NLP
Day -29: Hand Written Digit Recognition Using CNN
Day -30: Churn Prediction using Deep Learning
List of Projects for Demo in YouTube Live
1. Spatial Data Science For Covid-19 Disease Prediction
2. Parkinson’s Disease Prediction-XGBoost Classifier
3. House Price Prediction-Random Forest Regression
4. Customer Segmentation Using ML-K-Means Clustering
5. Home Loan Prediction-Decision Tree Classifier
6. Spam Classification-NLP
7. Hand Written Digit Recognition Using Python-CNN
8. Churn Prediction-Deep Learning
9. Crop Yield Prediction
10.Ground water level prediction

All Projects in Jupyter Notebook

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2. Parkinson’s Disease Prediction-XGBoost Classifier
3. House Price Prediction-Random Forest Regression
4. Customer Segmentation Using ML-K-Means Clustering Video Class Access for
5. Home Loan Prediction-Decision Tree Classifier 2 Months
6. Spam Classification-NLP
7. Hand Written Digit Recognition Using Python-CNN
8. Churn Prediction-Deep Learning
9. Crop Yield Prediction
10.Ground water level prediction
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DATA SCIENCE
What is Data Science?
Data science is an interdisciplinary field that uses scientific methods,
processes, algorithms and systems to extract knowledge and insights from
data, and apply knowledge from data across a broad range of application
domains.
Python
 Introduction

Python is :
1. High-level programming language.
2. Fast to learn and fast to develop application.
3. Available for many platforms.
4. Implement complex logic with very few lines of code.
 History

Guido van Rossum

• At National Research Institute for Mathematics and

Computer Science in Netherland.
Why One Should use PYTHON ?

What can I do in PYTHON

WHY ?
Data Processing
Signal Processing
Pygame
Maya Python
Music Software
Web site development frame work
 PYTHON 2 VS. PYTHON 3

1. Python 2 is legacy, Python 3 is the present and future.

2. Python 3 was released in 2008.
3. Python 3 don’t have enough libraries.
4. That’s why python 2 is present and still ON.
 Python – Interactive Mode Programming:

 Type the following text at the Python Prompt:

 print ("Hello, Python!”)

 If we run this code , we will get the following code:

 Hello , Python!
Python – Identifiers
 A python identifier is a name used to identify a variable , function , class ,
module or any object.
 An identifier starts with a letter A to Z or a to z or an underscore followed
by zero or more letters, underscores and digits(0-9).
 Python does not allow punctuation characters like @, $, and % within
identifiers.
 It is a case sensitive programming language.
Python – Identifiers
 Following are some of the naming conventions for Python identifiers:
 Class names start with an uppercase letter.
 All other identifiers start with a lowercase letter.
 If an identifier starts with a single leading underscore , it indicates that the identifier is
private.
 If an identifier starts with two leading underscores , it indicates a strongly private
identifier.
 If the identifier ends with two trailing underscores , the identifier is a language – defined
special name.
Reserved Words:
 The following list shows a list of reserved keywords.
 And
 Assert
 Break
 Class
 Continue
 Def
 Del
 exec
Lines and Indentation:
 Python provides no braces to indicate blocks of code for class and function
definitions or flow control.
 The number of spaces in the indentation is variable , but all the statements
within the block must be indented by the same amount.
 if True:
 print "True"
 else:
 print "False"
Quotation in Python
 Python accepts single(‘) , double(“) and triple(“’ or ‘’’’’’) quotes to denote
string literals , as long as the same type of quote starts and ends the string.
 Triple quotes are used to span the string across multiple lines.
 word = 'word'
 sentence = "This is a sentence."
 paragraph = """This is a paragraph. It is
 made up of multiple lines and sentences."""
Comments In Python
 A hash sign(#) that is not inside a string literal begins a comment.
 All characters after the # and up to the end of the physical line are part of
the comment .
 Python interpreter ignores them.
 #!/usr/bin/python
 # First comment
 print ("Hello, Python!“) # second comment
Comments In Python
 Output:
 Hello , Python!
Python – Variable Types
 Variables are nothing but reserved memory locations to store values.
 When we create a variable , we reserve some space in memory.
 Based on the data type of a variable , the interpreter allocates memory and
what can be stored in the reserved memory.
 If we assign different data types to variables , we can store integers ,
decimals or characters in these variables.
Python – Variable Types
 Assigning Values to Variables:
 #!/usr/bin/python
 counter = 100 # An integer assignment
 miles = 1000.0 # A floating point
 name = "John" # A string
 print counter
 print miles
 print name
Python – Variable Types
 Here , 100 , 1000 and “John” are the values assigned to counter , miles and
name variables .
 Output:
 100
 1000.0
 John
Python – Variable Types
 Multiple Assignment:
 It allows us to assign a single value to several variables.
 a=b=c=1.
 An integer object is created with a value 1 and all three variables are
assigned to the same memory location.
 Multiple objects can also be assigned to multiple variables.
Python – Variable Types
 Eg,
 a,b,c = 1,2,’john”

 Two integer objects with values 1 and 2 are assigned to variables a and b
respectively.
 One string object with the value “john” is assigned to the variable c.
Python – Variable Types
 Standard Data Types:
 The data stored in the memory can be of many types.
 A person’s age is stored as a numeric value and his address is stored as

alphanumeric characters.
 Python has 5 standard data types:
Python – Variable Types
 Numbers
 String
 List
 Tuple
 Dictionary
Python – Variable Types
 Python Numbers:
 Number data types store numeric values.
 Number objects are created when we assign a value to them.

 Var1 = 1
 Var2 = 10
Python – Variable Types
 We can also delete a reference to the number object using the del statement.
 del var1[,var2[,var3[....,varN]]]]

 We can delete a single object or multiple objects using the del statement.
 del var
 del var_a, var_b
Python – Variable Types
 Python supports four different numerical types:
 Int(signed numbers)
 Long(long integers , they also can be represented in octal and
hexadecimal).
 Float(floating point real values).
 Complex(complex numbers).
Python – Variable Types
 Python - Strings:
 Strings in python are identified as a contiguous set of characters represented in
quotation marks.
 Subsets of strings can be taken using the slice operator([] and [:]) with indexes
starting at 0 in the beginning of the string .
 They work their way from -1 to the end.
 The plus (+) sign is the string concatenation operator , asterick(*) is the
repetition operator.
Python – Variable Types
 #!/usr/bin/python
 str = 'Hello World!'
 print (str) # Prints complete string
 print (str[0]) # Prints first character of the string
 print (str[2:5]) # Prints characters starting from 3rd to 5th print str[2:] # Prints
string starting from 3rd character
 print (str * 2) # Prints string two times
 print (str + "TEST“) # Prints concatenated string
Python – Variable Types
 Hello World!
 H
 llo
 llo World!
 Hello World!Hello World!
 Hello World!TEST
Python – Variable Types
 Python Lists:
 Sequence is the most basic data structure in python.
 Each element of a sequence is assigned a number – its position or index.
 The most common python sequences are lists and tuples.
 Several operations can be performed in a sequence like indexing , slicing ,
adding and multiplying.
Python - Lists
 A list is nothing but a collection of comma separated values between square brackets.
 The items in a list need not be of the same type.
 list1 = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000];
 list2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ];
 list3 = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]

 List indices start at 0 .

 Lists can be sliced , concatenated and so on.
Python - Lists
 Accessing Values In Lists:
 To access values in lists , use the square brackets for slicing along with the index to obtain
the value available at that index.

 #!/usr/bin/python
 list1 = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000];
 list2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ];
 print ("list1[0]: ", list1[0])
 print ("list2[1:5]: ", list2[1:5])
Output:
 list1[0]: physics
 list2[1:5]: [2, 3, 4, 5]
Updating Lists:
 We can update single or multiple elements of the lists by giving the slice

on the left – hand side of the assignment operator.

 We can add to elements in the list with the append() method.
Updating Lists:
 #!/usr/bin/python
 list = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000];
 print ("Value available at index 2 : " )
 print (list[2])
 list[2] = 2001;
 print ("New value available at index 2 : " )
 print (list[2])
Output:
 Value available at index 2 :
 1997
 New value available at index 2 :
 2001
Delete List Elements:
 To remove a list element , we can use either the del statement if we know which
elements we are deleting or the remove() method if we do not know.
 #!/usr/bin/python
 list1 = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000];
 print (list1)
 del list1[2];
 print ("After deleting value at index 2 : “)
 print (list1)
Output:
 ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000]
 After deleting value at index 2 :
 ['physics', 'chemistry', 2000]
Basic List Operations:
Indexing ,Slicing and Matrixes:
 Lists are sequences , indexing and slicing work the same way for lists as
they do for strings.
 L = ['spam', 'Spam', 'SPAM!']
Python Tuples
 A tuple is another sequence data type that is similar to the list.
 A tuple consists of a number of values separated by comma.
 Tuples are enclosed within parentheses.
 Lists are enclosed in [] , their elements and size can be changed.
 Tuples are enclosed within (()) and cannot be updated.
Python - Tuples
#!/usr/bin/python
tuple = ( 'abcd', 786 , 2.23, 'john', 70.2 )
tinytuple = (123, 'john')
print(tuple) # Prints the complete tuple
Print(tuple[0]) # Prints first element of the tuple
print(tuple[1:3]) # Prints elements of the tuple starting from 2nd till 3rd print
tuple([2:]) # Prints elements of the tuple starting from 3rd element
print(tinytuple * 2) # Prints the contents of the tuple twice
Print(tuple + tinytuple) # Prints concatenated tuples
Output:
 ('abcd', 786, 2.23, 'john', 70.2)
 abcd
 (786, 2.23)
 (2.23, 'john', 70.2)
 (123, 'john', 123, 'john')
 ('abcd', 786, 2.23, 'john', 70.2, 123, 'john')
Python - Dictionary
 Python – dictionaries work like associative arrays and consist of key –
value pairs.
 A dictionary key can be of any type but they are usually of the type
numbers or Strings.
 Values can be any arbitrary python object.
 Dictionaries are enclosed by curly braces({}) .
 The values can be assigned and accessed using square braces([]).
Dictionary - Example
 #!/usr/bin/python
 dict = {}
 dict['one'] = "This is one"
 dict[2] = "This is two"
 tinydict = {'name': 'john','code':6734, 'dept': 'sales'}
Dictionary - Example
 print(dict['one']) # Prints value for 'one' key
 print(dict[2]) # Prints value for 2 key
 Print(tinydict) # Prints complete dictionary
 print(tinydict.keys()) # Prints all the keys
 Print(tinydict.values()) # Prints all the values
Output:
 This is one
 This is two
 {'dept': 'sales', 'code': 6734, 'name': 'john'}
 ['dept', 'code', 'name']
 ['sales', 6734, 'john']
Python – Basic Operators:
 Python supports the following operators:
 Arithmetic Operators
 Comparison operators
 Logical Operators
Python – Arithmetic Operators
 + Addition – Adds values on either side of the operator.
 Eg, a+b = 30.

 - Subtraction – Subtracts right hand operand from left hand operand.

 Eg, a-b = -10

 * Multiplication – Multiplies values on either side of the operator.

 Eg, a*b = 200
Python – Comparison Operators
 These operators compare the values on either sides of them and decide the
relation among them.
 They are also called relational operators.
 Assume a = 10 and b = 20
Python – Comparison Operators
 == : If the values of two operands are equal , then the condition becomes
true.
 (a==b) is not true.

 !=: If the values of two operands are not equal , then the condition
becomes true.
 (a!=b) is true.
Python – Comparison Operators
 >: If the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand ,
then the condition becomes true.
 (a>b) is not true.
Python – Logical Operators
 a = 10, b = 20
 Logical AND: If both the operands are true , then the condition becomes true.
 (a and b) is true

 Logical OR: If any of the two operands are non-zero , then the condition
becomes true.
 (a or b) is true.
Python – Logical Operators
 Logical NOT: Used to reverse the logical state of its operand.
 Not(a and b) is false.
Python – Decision Making
 Decision making is an anticipation of conditions occuring while execution
of the program.
 Decision structures evaluate multiple expressions which produce TRUE or
FALSE as outcome.
Python – Decision Making
Python – Decision Making
 Python programming language assumes non-zero values as true and the
zero values as false.
 There are three different types of decision making statements:
 If statements:
 An if statement consists of a boolean expression followed by one or more
statements.
Python – Decision Making
 If…else statements:
 An if statement can be followed by an optional else statement , which
executes when the boolean expression is false.

 Nested if statements:
 We can use one if or else if statement inside another if or else if statements
Example - If
 #!/usr/bin/python

 var = 100
 if ( var == 100 ) : print ("Value of expression is 100”)
 print ("Good bye!”)
Output:
 Value of expression is 100
 Good bye!
Python - Loops
 Statements are executed sequentially.
 The first statement in a function is executed first , followed by the second
and so on.
 Programming languages provide various control structures that allow for
more complicated execution paths.
Python - Loops
Python - Loops
 While loop:
 Repeats a statement or a group of statements till the condition is true.
 It tests the condition before executing the loop body.

 For loop:
 Executes a sequence of statements multiple times and abbreviates the code that manages the loop
variable.

 Nested loop:
 We can use one or more loop inside any another while , for or do.. While loop.
Loop Control Statement:
 Loop Control Statements change execution from its normal sequence.
 Following are the different types of loop control statements.
 Break statement:
 Terminates the loop statement and transfers execution to the statement immediately
following the loop.

 Continue statement:
 Causes the loop to skip the remainder of the body and immediately retest its condition
prior to reiterating.
Loop Control Statement:
 Pass statement:
 The pass statement is used when a statement is required syntactically but
we do not want any command or code to execute.
Python - Numbers
 Number data types store numeric values.
 They are immutable data types , means that changing the value of a
number data type results in a newly allocated object.

 Var1 = 1
 Var2 = 10
Python - Numbers
 We can also delete single object or multiple object using the del statement.

 del (var)
 del (var_a, var_b)
Python - Strings
 Strings are the most popular types in python.
 It can be created by enclosing characters in quotes.

 Var1 = ‘Hello World’

 Var2 = ‘Python Programming’
Python - Strings
 Accessing Values in Strings:
 Python does not support a character type.
 They are treated as strings of length 1 , thus they are also considered a
substring.
 To access substrings , square brackets are used for slicing along with the
index or indices to obtain the substring.
Python - Strings
 Accessing Values in Strings:
 #!/usr/bin/python
 var1 = 'Hello World!'
 var2 = "Python Programming"
 print ("var1[0]: ", var1[0])
 print ("var2[1:5]: ", var2[1:5])
Output:
 var1[0]: H
 var2[1:5]: ytho
Python - Strings
 Updating Strings:
 We can “update” an existing string by reassigning a variable to another string.
 The new value can be related to the previous value or to a completely different
string.
 Eg:
 #!/usr/bin/python
 var1 = 'Hello World!'
 print ("Updated String :- ", var1[:6] + 'Python’)
Output:
 Updated String :- Hello Python
String Formatting Operator
 One of the main features of python is the string formatting operator , %.
 #!/usr/bin/python
 print ("My name is %s and weight is %d kg!" % ('Zara', 21))
Python - Lists
 A list is nothing but a list of comma separated values(items) between
square brackets.
 The items in a list need not be of the same data type.

 list1 = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000];

 list2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ];
 list3 = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
Python - Lists
 Accessing Values in Lists:
 To access values in lists , use the square brackets for slicing along with the index or indices
to obtain value at that index.

 #!/usr/bin/python
 list1 = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000];
 list2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ];
 print "list1[0]: ", list1[0]
 print "list2[1:5]: ", list2[1:5]
Output:
 list1[0]: physics
 list2[1:5]: [2, 3, 4, 5]
Python - Lists
 Updating Lists:
 We can update single or multiple elements of lists by giving the slice on
the left – hand side of the assignment operator .
 We can add to elements in the list with the append() method.
Python - Lists
 Updating Lists:
 #!/usr/bin/python
 list = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000];
 print ("Value available at index 2 : “)
 print (list[2])
 list[2] = 2001;
 print ("New value available at index 2 : " )
 print (list[2])
Output:
 Value available at index 2 :
 1997
 New value available at index 2 :
 2001
Python - Lists
 Delete List Elements:
 To remove an element from the list , we can use either the del statement if
we know exactly which elelments we are deleting or the remove method if
we do not know.
Python - Lists
 #!/usr/bin/python
 list1 = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000];
 print (list1)
 del (list1[2]);
 print ("After deleting value at index 2 : “)
 print (list)
Output:
 ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000]
 After deleting value at index 2 :
 ['physics', 'chemistry', 2000]
Basic List Operations:
 Lists respond to the “+” and “*” operators like strings.
Python - Lists
 Indexing , Slicing and Matrixes:
 L = ['spam', 'Spam', 'SPAM!']
Python - Tuples
 A tuple is a collection of objects which ordered and immutable.
 Tuples are sequences , like lists.
 The difference between lists and tuples is that tuples cannot be changed unlike lists
and tuples use parentheses , whereas a list use square brackets.

 tup1 = ('physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000);

 tup2 = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 );
 up3 = "a", "b", "c", "d";
Python - Tuples
 This is an example of empty tuple:
 tup1 = ();

 Accessing Values in Tuples:

 To access the values in a tuple , use the square brackets for slicing along
with the index to obtain the value available at that index.
Python - Tuples
 Accessing Values in Tuples:
 #!/usr/bin/python
 tup1 = ('physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000);
 tup2 = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 );
 print ("tup1[0]: ", tup1[0]);
 print ("tup2[1:5]: ", tup2[1:5]);
Output:
 tup1[0]: physics
 tup2[1:5]: [2, 3, 4, 5]
Updating Tuples:
 Tuples are immutable which means we cannot change or update the values of tuple elements.
 #!/usr/bin/python
 tup1 = (12, 34.56);
 tup2 = ('abc', 'xyz');
 # Following action is not valid for tuples
 # tup1[0] = 100;
 # So let's create a new tuple as follows
 tup3 = tup1 + tup2;
 print (tup3);
Output:
 (12, 34.56, 'abc', 'xyz')
Delete Tuple Elements:
 To explicitly remove an entire tuple , use the del statement.

 #!/usr/bin/python
 tup = ('physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000);
 print tup;
 del tup;
 print "After deleting tup : ";
 print tup;
Output:
 ('physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000)
 After deleting tup :
 Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "test.py", line 9, in <module>
 print tup;
 NameError: name 'tup' is not defined
Python - Dictionary
 Each key is separated from the value by a colon, the items are separated by
commas and the whole thing is enclosed within curly braces.{}.

 Accessing Values In Dictionary:

 #!/usr/bin/python
 dict = {'Name': 'Zara', 'Age': 7, 'Class': 'First'}
 print ("dict['Name']: ", dict['Name'])
 print ("dict['Age']: ", dict['Age'])
Output
 dict['Name']: Zara
 dict['Age']: 7
Updating Dictionary:
 We can update a dictionary by adding a new entry or a new key-value pair.
 #!/usr/bin/python
 dict = {'Name': 'Zara', 'Age': 7, 'Class': 'First'}
 dict['Age'] = 8; # update existing entry
 dict['School'] = "DPS School"; # Add new entry
 print "dict['Age']: ", dict['Age']
 print "dict['School']: ", dict['School']
Output:
 dict['Age']: 8
 dict['School']: DPS School
Delete Dictionary Elements:
 We can either remove individual dictionary elements or clear the entire

contents of the dictionary.

 We can also delete a entire dictionary in a single operation.
Delete Dictionary Elements:
 #!/usr/bin/python
 dict = {'Name': 'Zara', 'Age': 7, 'Class': 'First'}
 del dict['Name']; # remove entry with key 'Name'
 dict.clear(); # remove all entries in dict
 del dict ; # delete entire dictionary
 print "dict['Age']: ", dict['Age']
 print "dict['School']: ", dict['School']
Output:
 dict['Age']:
 Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "test.py", line 8, in <module>
 print "dict['Age']: ", dict['Age'];
 TypeError: 'type' object is unsubscriptable
Properties Of Dictionary Keys
 More then one entry per key is not allowed.
 No duplicate key is allowed.
 When duplicate keys are encountered during assignment , the last assignment
wins.

 #!/usr/bin/python
 dict = {'Name': 'Zara', 'Age': 7, 'Name': 'Manni'}
 print "dict['Name']: ", dict['Name']
Output:
 dict['Name']: Manni
Properties Of Dictionary Keys
 Keys must be immutable.
 It means we can use strings , numbers or tuples as dictionary keys but
something like[‘key’] is not allowed.
 #!/usr/bin/python
◦ dict = {['Name']: 'Zara', 'Age': 7}
◦ print ("dict['Name']: ", dict['Name'])
Output:
 Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "test.py", line 3, in <module>
 dict = {['Name']: 'Zara', 'Age': 7};
 TypeError: unhashable type: 'list'
Python - Functions
 A function is a block of organized , reusable code that is used to perform a
related action.
 Functions provide better modularity and code reusability.
Defining a Function
 Function blocks begin with the def keyword followed by the function name and parentheses(()).
 Any input parameters should be placed within these parentheses.

 Syntax:
 def functionname( parameters ):
 "function_docstring"
 function_suite
 return [expression]
Example:
 def printme( str ):
 "This prints a passed string into this function"
 print (str)
 return
Calling a Function
 Defining a function only gives it a name, specifies the parameters that are
to be included in the function and structures the blocks of code.
Calling a Function
 #!/usr/bin/python
 # Function definition is here
 def printme( str ):
 "This prints a passed string into this function"
 print str
 return;
 # Now you can call printme function
 printme("I'm first call to user defined function!")
 printme("Again second call to the same function")
Output:
 I'm first call to user defined function!
 Again second call to the same function
Pass By Reference Vs Value
 All the parameters in python language are passed by reference.
 If you change what a parameter refers to within a function , the change
also reflects back in the calling function.
Example:
 #!/usr/bin/python
 # Function definition is here
 def changeme( mylist ):
 "This changes a passed list into this function"
 mylist.append([1,2,3,4]);
 print "Values inside the function: ", mylist
 return
 # Now you can call changeme function
 mylist = [10,20,30];
 changeme( mylist );
 print "Values outside the function: ", mylist
Output:
 Values inside the function: [10, 20, 30, [1, 2, 3, 4]]
 Values outside the function: [10, 20, 30, [1, 2, 3, 4]]
Pass By Reference (Example 2):
 #!/usr/bin/python
 # Function definition is here
 def changeme( mylist ):
 "This changes a passed list into this function"
 mylist = [1,2,3,4]; # This would assig new reference in mylist
 print "Values inside the function: ", mylist
 return
Pass By Reference (Example 2):
 # Now you can call changeme function
 mylist = [10,20,30];
 changeme( mylist );
 print "Values outside the function: ", mylist
Output:
 Values inside the function: [1, 2, 3, 4]
 Values outside the function: [10, 20, 30]
Function Arguments
 Required arguments
 Keyword arguments
 Default arguments
 Variable – length arguments
Function Arguments
 Required Arguments:
 They are the arguments passed to a function in correct positional order.
 The number of arguments in the function call should exactly match with
the function definition.
Function Arguments
 #!/usr/bin/python
 # Function definition is here
 def printme( str ):
 "This prints a passed string into this function"
 print str
 return;
 # Now you can call printme function
 printme()
Output:
 Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "test.py", line 11, in <module>
 printme();
 TypeError: printme() takes exactly 1 argument (0 given)
Function Arguments
 Keyword Arguments:
 They are related to the function calls.
 When we use keyword arguments in a function call , the caller identifies
the arguments by the parameter name.
Function Arguments
 Keyword Arguments:
 #!/usr/bin/python
 # Function definition is here
 def printme( str ):
 "This prints a passed string into this function"
 print str
 return;
 # Now you can call printme function
 printme( str = "My string")
Function Arguments
 Output:
 My string
Function Arguments
 Keyword Arguments:
 #!/usr/bin/python
 # Function definition is here
 def printinfo( name, age ):
 "This prints a passed info into this function"
 print "Name: ", name
 print "Age ", age
 return;
 # Now you can call printinfo function
 printinfo( age=50, name="miki" )
Function Arguments
 Output:
 Name: miki
 Age 50
Function Arguments
 Default Arguments:
 A default argument is an argument that assumes a default value if the value
is not provided in the function call for that argument.
Function Arguments
 #!/usr/bin/python
 # Function definition is here
 def printinfo( name, age = 35 ):
 "This prints a passed info into this function"
 print "Name: ", name
 print "Age ", age
 return;
 # Now you can call printinfo function
 printinfo( age=50, name="miki" )
 printinfo( name="miki" )
Output:
 Name: miki
 Age 50
 Name: miki
 Age 35
Variable Length Arguments
 #!/usr/bin/python
 # Function definition is here
 def printinfo( arg1, *vartuple ):
 "This prints a variable passed arguments"
 print "Output is: "
 print arg1
 for var in vartuple:
 print var
 return;
 # Now you can call printinfo function
 printinfo( 10 )
 printinfo( 70, 60, 50 )
Output:
 Output is:
 10
 Output is:
 70
 60
 50
The Return Statement
 The statement return exits a function , optionally passing back an
expression to the caller.
Example:
 #!/usr/bin/python
 # Function definition is here
 def sum( arg1, arg2 ):
 # Add both the parameters and return them."
 total = arg1 + arg2
 print "Inside the function : ", total
 return total;
 # Now you can call sum function
 total = sum( 10, 20 );
 print "Outside the function : ", total
Output:
 Inside the function : 30
 Outside the function : 30
Global Vs Local Variables:
 Variables that are defined inside a function body have local scope and
those defined outside have a global scope.
 Local variables can be accessed only inside the function in which they are
declared , whereas global variables can be accessed throughout the
program body by all functions.
 Example:
 #!/usr/bin/python
 total = 0; # This is global variable.
 # Function definition is here
 def sum( arg1, arg2 ):
 # Add both the parameters and return them."
 total = arg1 + arg2; # Here total is local variable.
 print "Inside the function local total : ", total
 return total;
 # Now you can call sum function
 sum( 10, 20 );
 print "Outside the function global total : ", total
Output:
 Inside the function local total : 30
 Outside the function global total : 0
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