Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Database
Management
System

Course Outcome Will be covered in

CO Title Level this lecture
Number

CO1 To perceive the significance and Remember

implementation of a commercial
relational database system (Oracle)
by writing SQL using the system.
CO2 To understand the relational database Understand
theory, and be able to write
relational algebra expressions for
queries
CO3 To identify the basic issues of Analysis and
transaction processing and application
concurrency control and find out its
solutions.
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Contents of the Syllabus
UNIT-I [10h]
Overview of Databases: Database concepts, DBMS, Data Base System Architecture (Three
Level ANSI-SPARC Architecture), Advantages and Disadvantages of DBMS, Data Independence,
DBA and Responsibilities of DBA, Relational Data Structure, Keys, Relations, Attributes, Schema and
Instances, Referential integrity, Entity integrity.
Data Models: Relational Model, Network Model, Hierarchical Model, ER Model: Design,
issues, Mapping constraints, ER diagram, Comparison of Models.

Relational Algebra & Relational Calculus: Introduction, Syntax, Semantics, Additional

operators, Grouping and Ungrouping, Relational comparisons, Tuple Calculus, Domain Calculus,
Calculus Vs Algebra, Computational capabilities.

UNIT-II [10h]
Functional dependencies and Normalization: Functional dependencies, Decomposition, Full
Functional Dependency (FFD), Transitive Dependency (TD), Join Dependency (JD), Multi-valued
Dependency (MVD), Normal Forms (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF), De-normalization.
Database Security: Introduction, Threats, Counter Measures.
Control Structures: Introduction to conditional control, Iterative control and sequential control
statements, Cursors, Views.

3
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Contents of the Syllabus

UNIT-III
[10h]
Package, Procedures and Triggers: Parts of procedures, Parameter modes, Advantages of
procedures, Syntax for creating triggers, Types of triggers, package specification and package body,
developing a package, Bodiless package, Advantages of packages.
Transaction Management and Concurrency Control: Introduction to Transaction Processing,
Properties of Transactions, Serializability and Recoverability, Need for Concurrency Control, Locking
Techniques, Time Stamping Methods, Optimistic Techniques and Granularity of Data items.

Database Recovery of database: Introduction, Need for Recovery, Types of errors,

Recovery Techniques.

4
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Chapter 1.2

(Data Models)

Data Models: Relational Model, Network Model, Hierarchical Model, ER Model:

Design, issues, Mapping constraints, ER diagram, Comparison of Models.

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Learning Objective
• Method to organize data required in an application as
relations.
• Importance for an integrated database in organizations.
• Goals of Data Base Management systems (DBMS).
• Entity-Relationship(ER) modeling to develop a
conceptual model of data.
• Structure and organization of DBMS

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Learning Outcome
• Define program-data independence, data models for
database systems, database schema and database
instances.
• Identify the methodology of conceptual modeling
through Entity Relationship model.
• Identify the methodology of logical model.
• Identify the methodology of physical model.

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Relationship Types
• Specialization
• Generalization
• Aggregation

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Specialization
In specialization, an entity is divided
into sub-entities based on their
characteristics. It is a top-down
approach where higher level entity is
specialized into two or more lower level
entities.
For Example, EMPLOYEE entity in an
Employee management system can be
specialized into DEVELOPER, TESTER
etc. as shown in Figure 2. In this case,
common attributes like E_NAME, E_SAL
etc. become part of higher entity
(EMPLOYEE) and specialized attributes
like TES_TYPE become part of
specialized entity (TESTER).

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Aggregation
An ER diagram is not capable of
representing relationship between
an entity and a relationship which
may be required in some scenarios.
In those cases, a relationship with its
corresponding entities is aggregated
into a higher level entity.
For Example, Employee working
for a project may require some
machinery. So, REQUIRE relationship
is needed between relationship
WORKS_FOR and entity MACHINERY.
Using aggregation, WORKS_FOR
relationship with its entities
EMPLOYEE and PROJECT is
aggregated into single entity and
relationship REQUIRE is created
between aggregated entity and
MACHINERY.

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Generalization
Generalization is the process of
extracting common properties
from a set of entities and create
a generalized entity from it. It is
a bottom-up approach in which
two or more entities can be
generalized to a higher level
entity if they have some
attributes in common.
For Example,
STUDENT and FACULTY can be
generalized to a higher level
entity called PERSON as shown in
Figure 1. In this case, common
attributes like P_NAME, P_ADD
become part of higher entity
(PERSON) and specialized
attributes like S_FEE become
part of Universityentity
specialized Institute of Engineering (UIE)
 Comparison of Record based
model
Hierarchical Network Relational
Relationship between Relationship between Relationship between
records is of parent child records is expressed in the records is represented by a
type. form of pointers or links relation that contains a key
for each record involved in
the relatonship.

Many to Many relationship Many to Many relationship Many to Many relationship

cannot be expressed in this can be easily implemented. can also be implemented.
model
It is simple, straightforward Record relationship Relationship
and natural method of implementation is very implementation is very easy
implementing record complex due to the use of through the use of a key or
relationships pointers composite key field

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 Comparison of Record based
model
Hierarchical Network Relational
This type of model is useful Network model is useful for Relational model is useful
only when there is some representing such records for representing most of the
hierarchical character in the which have many to many real world objects and
database relationships relationships among them
In order to represent links In network model also the Relational model does not
among records, pointers are record relations are physical maintain physical
used. Thus relations among connection among record.
records are physical Data is organized logically in
the form of rows and
columns, and stored in
table.
Searching for record is very Searching a record is easy A unique indexed key field Is
difficult since one can since there are multiple used to search for a data
retrieve a child only after access paths to a data element.
going through its parent elements.
record
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Data Models: A Summary

• Each new data model capitalized on the shortcomings of previous models
• Common characteristics:
– Conceptual simplicity without compromising the semantic
completeness of the database
– Represent the real world as closely as possible
– Representation of real-world transformations (behavior) must comply
with consistency and integrity characteristics of any data model

14
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Data Models: A Summary

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Data Dictionary
It contains information about the data attributes, elements relationship, user
details, security restrictions and integrity constraints.

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Data Definition Language

(DDL)
• ■ Specification notation for defining the database schema
– ★ E.g. create table account ( account-number char(10), balance integer)
• ■ DDL compiler generates a set of tables stored in a data dictionary
• ■ Data dictionary contains metadata (i.e., data about data)
– ★ database schema
– ★ Data storage and definition language
• ✔ language in which the storage structure and access methods used by the database system are specified
• ✔ Usually an extension of the data definition language

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Data Manipulation Language

(DML)
• ■ Language for accessing and manipulating the data organized by the
appropriate data model
– ★ DML also known as query language
• ■ Two classes of languages
– ★ Procedural – user specifies what data is required and how to get
those data
– ★ Nonprocedural – user specifies what data is required without
specifying how to get those data
• ■ SQL is the most widely used query language

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SQL COMPONENTS

SQL consists of three components:

1. Data Definition Language (DDL)
2. Data Manipulation Language (DML)
3. Data Control Language (DCL)

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DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE (DDL)

This component of the SQL language is used to create and modify tables
and other objects in the database. For tables there are three main commands:

CREATE TABLE tablename  to create a table in the database

DROP TABLE tablename  to remove a table from the database
ALTER TABLE tablename  to add or remove columns from a table in the
database
RENAME <new table name> to <old table name>;  To change the name
of a table as per the user’s wish or requirement.
TRUNCATE TABLE<table name>;  Truncate Tables empties the table
completely. Once the data deleted cannot be retrieved.
DESC tablename  To view just the blank table

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CREATE TABLE COMMAND

Purpose:- Tables are the basic unit of data storage in an Oracle
Database. Data is stored in rows and columns.

Syntax:- Create table <TableName> (<ColumnName1> <Data

Type>(<Size>), <ColumnName2> <Data Type>(<Size>),
………..<ColumnName n> <Data Type>(<Size>));

Example:-
Create table STUDENT (Roll_no number(5), Name varchar2(20), Branch
varchar2(10));

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ALTER TABLE COMMAND

Purpose:- The structure of a table can be modified by using a alter table

command. Alter Table allows changing the structure of an existing table. With
Alter Table it is possible to add or delete columns, create or destroy indexes,
change the data type of existing columns, or rename columns or the table itself
Syntax:-
 Adding New Columns
Alter table <table name> add(<new col name> <data type> (<Size>), <new
col name> <data type> (<Size>),…..);

 Modifying Existing Column

Alter table <table name> modify(<col name> <new data type> (< new Size>),
<col name> <new data type> (<new Size>),…..);

 Dropping A Column
Alter table <table name> drop column <col name>;

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Example:-
Alter table STUDENT add( Telephone number(10));
Alter table STUDENT modify( Telephone number(20));
Alter table STUDENT drop column Telephone;

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RENAME TABLE COMMAND

Purpose:- To change the name of a table as per the user’s wish or

requirement.

Syntax:- Rename <new table name> to <old table name>;

Example:- Rename STUDENT to group_a101;

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DROP TABLE COMMAND

Purpose:- Sometimes table in the database becomes obsolete and need to be

discarded, so we use drop table command.

Syntax:- Drop table <table name>;

Example:-
Drop table CSEA_Data101;

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DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE (DML)

DML component of the SQL language is used to manipulate data within a
table. There are four main commands:

SELECT  to select rows of data from a table

INSERT  to insert rows of data into a table

UPDATE  to change rows of data in a table

DELETE  to remove rows of data from a table

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INSERT COMMAND

Command:- Insert data into a table

Purpose:- The Insert Into Table command is used to load the created table
with data to be manipulated later.

Syntax:- Insert into <table name>(<col1>,<col2>,……..,<col n>) values

(<expression1>, <expression2> ,……,<expression3>);

Example:-
Insert into STUDENT values(101, ‘Aanchal’, ’CSE’);
Insert into STUDENT values(126, ‘Jotnain’, ’CSE’);
Insert into STUDENT values(149, ‘Sapanpreet’, ’ECE’);
Insert into STUDENT values(151, ‘Savita’, ’CSE’);

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INSERT DATA INTO A TABLE FROM A TABLE

(Copying contents of a table to another table)
Command:- Insert into….Select

Purpose:- To filter the data that is not required

Syntax:- Insert into <table name>Select <col name1>, <col name2>….

from <table name>;

Example:-
Insert into CSEA_Data101 Select roll_no,name from STUDENT where
roll_no=149;

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SELECT COMMAND

Command:- (a) Selecting all rows and all columns

Purpose:- This command is used to view all the rows and columns of the
table created in the database.

Syntax:- Select * from <table name>;

Example:-
Select * from STUDENT;

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SELECT COMMAND

(b) Selected rows and all columns using where clause

Purpose:- If the information of a particular student is to be retrieved from a

table, its retrieval must be based on a specific condition

Syntax:- Select * from <table name> where <condition>;

Example:-
Select * from STUDENT where roll_no=151;

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ALIAS

Purpose:- SQL aliases are used to give a table, or a column in a table, a

temporary name.

ALIAS COLUMN SYNTAX

Syntax:- SELECT column_name AS alias_name

FROM table_name;

Example:-
SELECT CustomerID AS ID, CustomerName AS Customer
FROM Customers;

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ALIAS TABLE SYNTAX

Syntax:- SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name AS alias_name;

Example:-
SELECT o.OrderID, o.OrderDate, c.CustomerName
FROM Customers AS c, Orders AS o
WHERE c.CustomerName='Around the
Horn' AND c.CustomerID=o.CustomerID;

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DELETE COMMAND

Purpose:- To delete the rows from the table that satisfies the condition
provided by its where clause and returns the number of records deleted.

Syntax:- Removal of all rows

Delete from <table name>;

Removal of Specific Row(s)

Delete from <table name> where <condition>;

Example:-
Delete from CSEA_Data101 where rollno=149;
Delete from CSEA_Data101;

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DELETE & TRUNCATE

TRUNCATE
TRUNCATE is a DDL command
TRUNCATE is executed using a table lock and the whole table is locked to remove all
records.
We cannot use the WHERE clause with TRUNCATE.
TRUNCATE removes all rows from a table.
Minimal logging in the transaction log, so it is faster performance-wise.

DELETE
DELETE is a DML command.
DELETE is executed using a row lock, each row in the table is locked for deletion.
We can use where clause with DELETE to filter & delete specific records.
The DELETE command is used to remove rows from a table based on WHERE
condition.
It maintains the log, so it slower than TRUNCATE.

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DROP COMMAND

1. The DROP command removes a table from the

database.
2. All the tables' rows, indexes, and privileges will
also be removed.
3. No DML triggers will be fired.
4. The operation cannot be rolled back.
5. DROP and TRUNCATE are DDL commands,
whereas DELETE is a DML command.
6. DELETE operations can be rolled back (undone),
while DROP and TRUNCATE operations cannot
be rolled back

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Difference between DELETE, DROP and TRUNCATE

DELETE DROP TRUNCATE

1. It is a DML command. 1. It is a DDL command. 1. It is a DDL command.

2. It is used to delete rows or records 2. It is used to delete the entire table 2. It is used to delete the entire
based on conditions specified in the along with its schema and structure records of a table without affecting
WHERE clause. respectively. the schema of the table.

3. If the WHERE clause is not specified

with conditions it deletes all the 3. There is no WHERE clause. 3. There is no WHERE clause.
records of the table.

4. It is a DDL command. As a result, 4. It is a DDL command. As a result,

4. It is a DML command. As a result,
the changes cannot be rolled back or the changes cannot be rolled back or
the operation can be rolled back.
undone. undone.

5. It is faster than DELETE in execution

5. It scans every row before deleting because it does not scan every row
5. It is faster and time-saving.
making it slower and time-consuming. before deleting which makes it the
least time-consuming.

6. Syntax: DELETE FROM TABLE 6. Syntax: TRUNCATE TABLE

6. Syntax: DROP TABLE Table_Name;
Table_Name WHERE [CONDITIONS]; Table_Name;
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UPDATE COMMAND
Purpose:- The Update statement updates columns in the existing table’s
rows with new values. The Set clause indicates which column data should
be modified and the new valued they should hold.
Syntax:-
 Updating Specific Records
Update <table name> set <col name1>=<expression1>, <col
name2>=<expression2> where <condition>;
 Updating All The Records
Update <table name> set <col name1>=<expression1>, <col
name2>=<expression2>;
Example:-
Update STUDENT set Branch=’ECE’ where roll_no=101;
Update STUDENT set Branch=’CSE’;

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DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE (DCL)

This component of the SQL language is used to create privileges to allow
users access to, and manipulation of, the database. There are two main
commands:

GRANT  to grant a privilege to a user

REVOKE  to revoke (remove) a privilege from a user.

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FAQ
1.Define DBMS? List Database system Applications.
2. Discuss Database Administrator’s responsibilities.
3. What do you understand by dimension and attribute?
4. What is a fact & a fact table?
5. List out few common mistakes encountered during Data
Modelling?
6. What do you understand by Data Modelling?
7. Explain your understanding of different data models?

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References
• OTHER REFRENCES
• ER Diagram: Entity Relationship Diagram Model | DBMS Example
(guru99.com)
• ER Diagram Representation - Tutorialspoint
• Entity Relationship Diagram - ER Diagram in DBMS (beginnersbook.com)
• http://nptel.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IISc-BANG/notused/IISc/New
%20Rajaram%20pdfs/module8.pdf
• http://ecomputernotes.com/fundamental/what-is-a-database/type-of-data-models
• https://beginnersbook.com/2015/04/data-models-in-dbms/
• http://www.odbms.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/
Data_Modeling_ConcepttoDBMS.pdf

SUGGESTED BOOK REFERENCES

• Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe,“Fundamentals of Database
System”, The Benjamin / Cummings Publishing Co.
• Korth and Silberschatz Abraham, “Database SystemConcepts”, McGraw Hall.
• Pratt,”DBMS”, Cengage Learning.

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