Logic & Formality
Logic & Formality
FORMALITY
Specific Objective
•1. Define what logic is.
•2. Tell whether the statement
is formal or non-formal.
•3. Show the relationship
between grammar in English
and logic in Mathematics.
What is logic?
In social science
courses logic could
define as the study
of the principles of
correct reasoning.
In other words,
logic is the study
principle of
correct reasoning.
Premises
a proposition—a true or
false declarative
statement—used in an
argument to prove the
truth of another
proposition called the
conclusion
Arguments
is a structured way of
reasoning to prove a
point. A valid argument
leads to a true conclusion
based on sound
premises, just like in
mathematical proofs.
Conclusion
Logical result of
the relationship
between the
premises
Example of an Argument
1.All Fish are Animals
A Salmon is a Fish
Therefore; a Salmon is an
Animal
2. Jollibee is healthy
all worms creep me out
Therefore; the Goat eats
water
Valid Argument
An argument
where the
conclusion really
follows the
premises
Example
All Dog have Four legs
An Aspin is a Dog
Therefore, Aspin has Four
legs
A Dog is an Animal
An Aspin is a Dog
Therefore, Aspin is an
Invalid & Non
Sequitur
An argument that is
flawed is an invalid
meanwhile the Non
Sequitur is unrelated
(conclusions)
Example
All Dog have Four legs
Benjie loves Dog
Therefore, Benjie has Four legs
If a variable x is an even
number, then the square of
its variable is also an even
Major part of
Formality in
Mathematics.
a)Definition
b) Theorem
c) Proof
• Deductive
• Inductive
• Direct Proof
• Indirect Proof
• Proof by Counterexample
• Proof by Contradiction
Definition
it is a formal
statement of the
meaning of a word or
group of words and it
could stand alone.
Theorem
is a statement that
can be demonstrated
to be true by
accepted
mathematical
Proof
is a rigorous
mathematical
argument which
unequivocally
demonstrates the
d) Proposition
•Negation
•Conjunction
•Disjunction
•Conditional
•Biconditional
•Corollary
•Lemma
•Conjecture
Proposition
it is a declarative
statement that is
true or false but
not both.
propositions that
can be also said
as logical
connectives are
as follows:
Negation
How does the statement translate
into its negation. Say, given any
statement P, another statement
called the negation of P can be
formed by writing “It is false that
…” before P, or if possible, by
inserting in P the word “not”.
For example, the given
statement is “Roderick
attends Mathematics class”.
Translating this into its
negation, the new statement
would be “Roderick will not
attend Mathematics class”
or it could be “It is false that
Roderick attends
Mathematics class”.
Conjunction
Another logical connective is what
we called conjunction. If two
statements are combined by the
word “and”, then the proposition is
called conjunction. In other words,
any two statements can be
combined by the word “and” to
form a composite statement which
is called the conjunction of the
original statements.
An example for this is, let us
say the first statement is
“Ernesto is handsome” and
the second statement is
“Ernesto is rich”. The new
statement after connecting
this two statements by the
word “and”, this would
become “Ernesto is
Disjunction
Disjunction is another form
of proposition. Any two
statements can be
combined by the word “or”
to form a new statement
which is called the
disjunction of the original
Let us have an example for this
kind of proposition. Say, the first
statement is “Life is beautiful”
while the second statement is
“Life is challenging. Now,
combining these two statements
by the word “or” the new
combined statement is “Life is
beautiful or life is challenging.”
Conditional
it is state that a true
statement cannot imply a
false statement. In this
proposition, the first
statement would be a
premise and the second
statement is the
Let us have an example
for this. Say the premise
is “If x is positive, then
its square is also
positive.” We can show
the proposition is true
with the use of one of
the methods of proving.
Bicondition
al
The last type of proposition is
the biconditional. Its uses a
connector for two statements
“if an only if”. If your
statement is in this form,
then your statement is called
biconditional.
Here is one of the examples
of a biconditional statement.
Let us say our first statement
is “I will attend mass.” The
second statement is
“Tomorrow is Sunday.” So,
the new statement using
biconditional statement
would be “I will attend mass
Now, supposedly our
statement goes like this. “Let’s
go!” Can we considered this as
a precise formal statement?
Perhaps you will be saying no
since you may be asking; Who
will be my companion?; What
time are we going to go?;
Where will we go?. This
Corollary
What is corollary? When we
say corollary in
mathematics, it is also a
proposition that follows with
little or no proof required
from one already proven
An example of this is it is a
theorem in geometry that
the angles opposite two
congruent sides of a
triangle are also congruent.
A corollary to that
statement is that an
equilateral triangle is also
equiangular.
Lemma
Another formal statement is a
lemma and it can also be
considered as a theorem. The
only difference of a lemma into
a theorem is that lemma is a
short theorem used in proving
a larger theorem.
Let us have a concrete
presentation for a lemma. Let
us say the theorem stated that
“Let f be a function whose
derivative exists in every point,
then f is a continuous function.”
Then another theorem about
Pythagorean and this theorem is
about right triangles that can be
summarized in an equation x2
The consequence on the
previous theorem is stated in a
corollary which is “There is no
right triangle whose sides
measure 3cm, 4cm and 6cm.
Now, we can more simplify our
given theorem in a form of
“Given two line segments
whose lengths are a and b
respectively, there is a real
Conjecture
A proposition which is consistent
with known data, but has neither
been verified nor shown to be
false. It is synonymous or identical
with hypothesis also known as
educated guess. We can only
disproved the truthfulness of a
conjecture when after using a
Let us say we have 75
different balls in a bingo urn
labelled as 1 – 75. What will
be our conjecture? We could
say that “All number in an
urn is a counting number
from 1 to 75.
Self - Learning Activity