David M. Kroenke and David J.

Auer
Database Processing:
Fundamentals, Design, and Implementation

Chapter 3
Structured Query
Language
(SQL)
 Chapter Objectives (DML)
• To understand the history and significance of Structured
Query Language (SQL)
• To understand the SQL SELECT/FROM/WHERE
framework as the basis for database queries
• To create SQL queries that use the SQL SELECT,
FROM, WHERE, ORDER BY, GROUP BY, and HAVING
clauses
• To create SQL queries that use the SQL DISTINCT,
AND, OR, NOT, BETWEEN, LIKE, and IN keywords

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 Chapter Objectives (DML)
• To create SQL queries that use the SQL built-in functions
of SUM, COUNT, MIN, MAX, and AVG with and without
the use of a GROUP BY clause
• To create SQL queries that retrieve data from a single
table but restrict the data based upon data in another
table (subquery)
• To create SQL queries that retrieve data from multiple
tables using an SQL join operation

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 Chapter Objectives (DDL)
• To create and manage table structures using CREATE,
ALTER and DROP
• To create and use SQL constraints
• To manage data using INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE
• To understand several uses for SQL views
• To use SQL statements to create and use views

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 Structured Query Language
• Structured Query Language (SQL) was
developed by the IBM Corporation in the late
1970’s.
• SQL was endorsed as a U.S. national standard
by the American National Standards Institute
(ANSI) in 1992 [SQL-92].
• Newer versions exist, and they incorporate XML
and some object-oriented concepts.

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 SQL DDL, DML, and SQL/PSM
• SQL statements can be divided into three
categories:
– Data definition language (DDL) statements
• Used for creating tables, relationships, and other structures
– Data manipulation language (DML) statements
• Used for queries and data modification
– SQL/Persistent Stored Modules (SQL/PSM)
statements
• Add procedural programming capabilities
– Variables
– Control-of-flow statements

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 SQL for Ad-Hoc Queries
• Ad-hoc queries:
– Questions that can be answered using
database data
– Example: “How many customers in Portland,
Oregon, bought our green baseball cap?”
– Created by the user as needed, instead of
programmed into an application
– Common in business

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 Cape Codd Outdoor Sports
• Cape Codd Outdoor Sports is a fictitious
company based on an actual outdoor retail
equipment vendor.
• Cape Codd Outdoor Sports:
– Has 15 retail stores in the United States and
Canada.
– Has an online Internet store.
– Has a (postal) mail order department.
• All retail sales are recorded in an Oracle
Database 11g database.
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 Cape Codd Retail Sales Data
Extraction
• The Cape Codd marketing department needs an
analysis of in-store sales.
• The data is extracted by the IS department from the
operational database into a separate, off-line
database for use by the marketing department.
• Three tables are used: RETAIL_ORDER,
ORDER_ITEM, and SKU_DATA (SKU = Stock Keeping
Unit).
• The extracted data is converted as necessary:
– Into a different DBMS—Microsoft SQL Server
– Into different columns—OrderDate becomes OrderMonth and
OrderYear.

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 Extracted
Retail
Sales Data
Format

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 The SQL SELECT Statement
• The fundamental framework for an SQL
query is the SQL SELECT statement.
– SELECT {ColumnName(s)}
– FROM {TableName(s)}
– WHERE {Condition(s)}
• All SQL statements end with a semi-colon
(;).

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 Specific Columns on One Table
SELECT Department, Buyer
FROM SKU_DATA;

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 Specifying Column Order
SELECT Buyer, Department
FROM SKU_DATA;

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 The DISTINCT Keyword
Distinct keyword is used to eliminate duplicate.

SELECT DISTINCT Buyer, Department

FROM SKU_DATA;

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 Selecting All Columns:
The Asterisk (*) Wildcard Character
SELECT *
FROM SKU_DATA;

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 Specific Rows from One Table
SELECT *
FROM SKU_DATA
WHERE Department = 'Water Sports';

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 Specific Columns and Rows from
One Table
SELECT SKU_Description, Buyer
FROM SKU_DATA
WHERE Department = 'Climbing';

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 Using Oracle Database 11g Release 2
SQL Developer I

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 Sorting the Results—ORDER BY
SELECT *
FROM ORDER_ITEM
ORDER BY OrderNumber, Price;

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 Sort Order:
Ascending and Descending
SELECT *
FROM ORDER_ITEM
ORDER BY Price DESC, OrderNumber
ASC;
NOTE: The default sort order is ASC—does not have to be specified.

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 WHERE Clause Options—AND
SELECT *
FROM SKU_DATA
WHERE Department = 'Water Sports'
AND Buyer = 'Nancy Meyers';

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 WHERE Clause Options—OR
SELECT *
FROM SKU_DATA
WHERE Department = 'Camping'
OR Department = 'Climbing';

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 WHERE Clause Options—IN
SELECT *
FROM SKU_DATA
WHERE Buyer IN ('Nancy Meyers',
'Cindy Lo', 'Jerry
Martin');

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WHERE Clause Options—NOT IN
SELECT *
FROM SKU_DATA
WHERE Buyer NOT IN ('Nancy Meyers',
'Cindy Lo', 'Jerry
Martin');

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 WHERE Clause Options—
Ranges with BETWEEN
SELECT *
FROM ORDER_ITEM
WHERE ExtendedPrice
BETWEEN 100 AND 200;

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 WHERE Clause Options—
Ranges with Math Symbols
SELECT *
FROM ORDER_ITEM
WHERE ExtendedPrice >= 100
AND ExtendedPrice <= 200;

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 WHERE Clause Options—
LIKE and Wildcards I
• The SQL keyword LIKE can be combined
with wildcard symbols:
– SQL 92 Standard (SQL Server, MySQL, etc.):
• _ = exactly one character
• % = any set of one or more characters
– Microsoft Access (based on MS DOS)
•? = exactly one character
•* = any set of one or more characters

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 WHERE Clause Options—
LIKE and Wildcards II
SELECT *
FROM SKU_DATA
WHEREBuyer LIKE 'Pete%';

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 WHERE Clause Options—
LIKE and Wildcards III
SELECT *
FROM SKU_DATA
WHERESKU_Description LIKE '%Tent
%';

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 WHERE Clause Options—
LIKE and Wildcards IV
SELECT *
FROM SKU_DATA
WHERESKU LIKE '%2_ _';

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 SQL Built-In Functions I
• There are five SQL built-in functions:
– COUNT
– SUM
– AVG
– MIN
– MAX

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 SQL Built-In Functions II
SELECT SUM(ExtendedPrice)
AS Order3000Sum
FROM ORDER_ITEM
WHEREOrderNumber = 3000;

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 SQL Built-In Functions III
SELECT SUM(ExtendedPrice) AS OrderItemSum,
AVG(ExtendedPrice) AS OrderItemAvg,
MIN(ExtendedPrice) AS OrderItemMin,
MAX(ExtendedPrice) AS OrderItemMax
FROM ORDER_ITEM;

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 SQL Built-In Functions IV
SELECT COUNT(*) AS NumberOfRows
FROM ORDER_ITEM;

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 SQL Built-In Functions V
SELECT COUNT
(DISTINCT Department)
AS DeptCount
FROM SKU_DATA;

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 Arithmetic in SELECT Statements
SELECT Quantity * Price AS EP,
ExtendedPrice
FROM ORDER_ITEM;

table

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 String Functions in SELECT
Statements
SELECT DISTINCT RTRIM (Buyer)
+ ' in ' + RTRIM
(Department) AS Sponsor
FROM SKU_DATA;

NOTE: This SQL statement uses SQL Server 2012 syntax—other DBMS
products use different concatenation and character string operators.
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 The SQL Keyword GROUP BY I
SELECT Department, Buyer,
COUNT(*) AS
Dept_Buyer_SKU_Count
FROM SKU_DATA
GROUP BY Department, Buyer;

table

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 The SQL Keyword GROUP BY II
• In general, place WHERE before GROUP BY.
Some DBMS products do not require that
placement; but to be safe, always put WHERE
before GROUP BY.
• The HAVING operator restricts the groups that
are presented in the result.
• There is an ambiguity in statements that include
both WHERE and HAVING clauses. The results
can vary, so to eliminate this ambiguity SQL
always applies WHERE before HAVING.

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 The SQL Keyword GROUP BY III
SELECT Department, COUNT(*) AS
Dept_SKU_Count
FROM SKU_DATA
WHERE SKU <> 302000
GROUP BY Department
ORDER BY Dept_SKU_Count;

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 The SQL Keyword GROUP BY IV
SELECT Department, COUNT(*) AS
Dept_SKU_Count
FROM SKU_DATA
WHERE SKU <> 302000
GROUP BY Department
HAVING COUNT (*) > 1
ORDER BY Dept_SKU_Count;

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 Querying Multiple Tables:
Subqueries I
SELECT SUM (ExtendedPrice) AS Revenue
FROM ORDER_ITEM
WHERE SKU IN
(SELECT SKU
FROM SKU_DATA
WHERE Department = 'Water
Sports');

Note: The second SELECT statement is a subquery.

table

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 Querying Multiple Tables:
Subqueries II
SELECT Buyer
FROM SKU_DATA
WHERE SKU IN
(SELECT SKU
FROM ORDER_ITEM
WHERE OrderNumber IN
(SELECT OrderNumber
FROM RETAIL_ORDER
WHERE OrderMonth =
'January'
AND OrderYear = 2013));

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 Querying Multiple Tables:
Joins I
SELECT Buyer, ExtendedPrice
FROM SKU_DATA, ORDER_ITEM
WHERE SKU_DATA.SKU = ORDER_ITEM.SKU;

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 Querying Multiple Tables:
Joins II
SELECT Buyer, SUM(ExtendedPrice)
AS BuyerRevenue
FROM SKU_DATA, ORDER_ITEM
WHERE SKU_DATA.SKU = ORDER_ITEM.SKU
GROUP BY Buyer
ORDER BY BuyerRevenue DESC;

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 Querying Multiple Tables:
Joins III
SELECT Buyer, ExtendedPrice, OrderMonth
FROM SKU_DATA, ORDER_ITEM,
RETAIL_ORDER
WHERE SKU_DATA.SKU = ORDER_ITEM.SKU
AND ORDER_ITEM.OrderNumber =
RETAIL_ORDER.OrderNumber;

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 JOIN ON Syntax
SELECT RETAIL_ORDER.OrderNumber, StoreNumber, OrderYear,
ORDER_ITEM.SKU, SKU_Description, Department
FROM RETAIL_ORDER JOIN ORDER_ITEM
ON RETAIL_ORDER.OrderNumber=ORDER_ITEM.OrderNumber
JOIN SKU_DATA
ON ORDER_ITEM.SKU=SKU_DATA.SKU
WHERE OrderYear = '2012'
ORDER BY RETAIL_ORDER.OrderNumber, ORDER_ITEM.SKU;

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 JOIN ON Syntax Results

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 OUTER JOINS I

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 OUTER JOINS II

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 OUTER JOINS III

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 OUTER JOINS IV

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 Subqueries versus Joins
• Subqueries and joins both process multiple
tables.
• A subquery can only be used to retrieve data
from the top table.
• A join can be used to obtain data from any
number of tables, including the “top table” of the
subquery.

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 CREATE TABLE
• CREATE TABLE statement is used for creating
relations.
• Each column is described with three parts:
column name, data type, and optional
constraints.
• Example

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 Constraints
• Constraints can be defined within the CREATE
TABLE statement, or they can be added to the
table after it is created using the ALTER table
statement.
• Five types of constraints:
– PRIMARY KEY may not have null values
– UNIQUE may have null values
– NULL/NOT NULL
– FOREIGN KEY
– CHECK

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 SQL for Constraints

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 ALTER TABLE Statement
• ALTER TABLE statement changes table
structure, properties, or constraints after it has
been created.
• Example
ALTER TABLE ASSIGNMENT
ADD CONSTRAINT EmployeeFK
FOREIGN KEY (EmployeeNumber)
REFERENCES EMPLOYEE (EmployeeNumber)
ON UPDATE CASCADE
ON DELETE NO ACTION;

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 Adding and Dropping Columns
• The following statement will add a column
named MyColumn to the CUSTOMER
table:
ALTER TABLE CUSTOMER ADD MyColumn Char(5) NULL;
• You can drop an existing column with the
statement:
ALTER TABLE CUSTOMER DROP COLUMN MyColumn;

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 Adding and Dropping Constraints
• ALTER TABLE can be used to add a
constraint as follows:
ALTER TABLE CUSTOMER
ADD CONSTRAINT MyConstraint CHECK
(LastName NOT IN ('Robert-No-Pay'));
• ALTER TABLE can be used to drop a
constraint:
ALTER TABLE CUSTOMER
DROP CONSTRAINT MyConstraint;

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 Removing Tables
• SQL DROP TABLE:
DROP TABLE TRANS;

• If there are constraints:

ALTER TABLE CUSTOMER_ARTIST_INT
DROP CONSTRAINT
Customer_Artist_Int_CustomerFK;
ALTER TABLE TRANS
DROP CONSTRAINT TransactionCustomerFK;
DROP TABLE CUSTOMER;

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 Removing Data Only
• SQL TRUNCATE TABLE:
TRUNCATE TABLE TRANS;

• Cannot be used with a table that is

referenced by a foreign key
constraint.

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 SQL DML—INSERT
• SQL INSERT statement:
INSERT INTO ARTIST (LastName, FirstName,
Nationality, DateOfBirth, DateDeceased)
VALUES
('Tamayo', ‘Rufino', 'Mexican', 1899, 1991);
• Bulk INSERT:
INSERT INTO ARTIST
(LastName, FirstName, Nationality, DateOfBirth)
SELECT LastName, FirstName, Nationality,
DateOfBirth
FROM IMPORTED_ARTIST;

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 SQL DML—UPDATE
• SQL UPDATE statement:
UPDATE CUSTOMER
SET City = 'New York City'
WHERE CustomerID = 1000;
• Bulk UPDATE:
UPDATE CUSTOMER
SET AreaCode = '333'
WHERE City = 'Denver';

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 SQL DML—DELETE
• SQL DELETE statement:
DELETE FROM CUSTOMER
WHERE CustomerID = 1000;
• If you omit the WHERE clause, you will
delete every row in the table.

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 Using Aliases
• Use of aliases:
SELECT C.Name, A.Name
FROM CUSTOMER AS C
JOIN
CUSTOMER_ARTIST_INT AS CI
ON C.CustomerID = CI.CustomerID
JOIN ARTIST AS A
ON CI.ArtistID = A.ArtistID;
• DBMS products differ
CUSTOMER AS C versus CUSTOMER C

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 David Kroenke and David Auer
Database Processing
Fundamentals, Design, and Implementation
(13th Edition)

End of Presentation

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retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written
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